Reporting verbs and message
Acknowledge
|
Ask
|
Confirm
|
Determine
|
Express
|
Infer
|
Reject
|
Add
|
Assert
|
Contend
|
Discuss
|
Formulate
|
List
|
Reveal
|
Admit
|
Assume
|
Convey
|
Doubt
|
Identify
|
Maintain
|
Show
|
Advise
|
Caution
|
Declare
|
Endorse
|
Illustrate
|
Postulate
|
State
|
Advocate
|
Concede
|
Define
|
Establish
|
Imply
|
Propose
|
Stress
|
Agree
|
Concentrate
|
Deny
|
Examine
|
Include
|
Presume
|
Suggest
|
Argue
|
Condone
|
Describe
|
Explore
|
Indicate
|
Refute
|
Survey
|
Examples
of reporting verbs |
The
message |
Say,
write, document, report, study |
Giving
factual information |
View,
believe, think, regard, consider, reflect |
What
the author thought |
Categorise,
assess, examine, use, compare, contrast, focus on, explain
Emphasise,
invoke, note, point out, reason, posit, hypothesise, remark, detail |
The
procedure/ How the author did it |
Find,
observe, obtain, associate, conclude, recommend |
What
the author found |
Challenge,
dismiss, dispute, diverge from, object to, oppose, |
Considers
the cited author’s position |
Demonstrate,
identify, improve, recognize, substantiate, highlight, confirm, prove |
Your
evaluation of the work |
confuse,
disregard, ignore, misuse, neglect, misinterpret, generalize, insist |
Your
negative evaluation of the work |
Adapted from
Chen (2001, p. 81) ‘Ways of knowing, ways of citing: a study of Chinese
graduate students’ citation behaviour in thesis writing’
Chen (2001, p. 81) ‘Ways of knowing, ways of citing: a study of Chinese
graduate students’ citation behaviour in thesis writing’
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