GRANOLLERS: REFUERZO ESCOLAR DURANTE EL MES DE AGOSTO. MATEMATICAS, INGLES, CATALAN Y ESPAÑOL

The Exclamation
Mark

interjection, or command.

Use an exclamation point [ ! ] at the end of an emphatic declaration,

"No!" he yelled. "Do it now!"

An exclamation mark may be used to close questions that are meant to convey extreme emotion, as in

What on earth are you doing! Stop!

An exclamation mark can be inserted within parentheses to emphasize a word within a sentence.

We have some really(!) low-priced rugs on sale this week.

Note that there is no space between the last letter of the word so emphasized and the parentheses. This device should be used rarely, if ever, in formal text.

An exclamation mark will often accompany mimetically produced sounds, as in

"All night long, the dogs woof! in my neighbor's yard" and

"The bear went Grr!, and I went left."

If an exclamation mark is part of an italicized or underlined title, make sure that the exclamation mark is also italicized or underlined:

My favorite book is Oh, the Places You'll Go!

(Do not add a period after such a sentence that ends with the title's exclamation mark. The exclamation mark will also suffice to end the sentence.) If the exclamation mark is not part of a sentence-ending title, don't italicize the exclamation mark:

I've asked you not to sing la Marseillaise!

In academic prose, an exclamation point is used rarely, if at all, and in newspaper writing the exclamation point is virtually nonexistent.

The Period

 Use a period [ . ] at the end of a sentence that makes a statement. There is no space between the last letter and the period. Use one space between the period and the first letter of the next sentence. This goes against the grain for people using the typography instilled by generations of old-fashioned typewriter users, but modern word-processors nicely accommodate the spacing after a period, and double-spacing after a period can only serve to discombobulate the good intentions of one's software. Quotation Marks and Parentheses for special placement considerations with those marks.

See
Use a period at the end of a command.

• Hand in the poster essays no later than noon on Friday.
• In case of tremors, leave the building immediately.

Use a period at the end of an indirect question.

• The teacher asked why Maria had left out the easy exercises.
• My father used to wonder why Egbert's ears were so big.

Use a period with abbreviations:

Dr. Espinoza arrived from Washington, D.C., at 6 p.m.

Notice that when the period ending the abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence, it will also suffice to end the sentence. On the other hand, when an abbreviation ends a question or exclamation, it is appropriate to add a question mark or exclamation mark after the abbreviation-ending period:

Did you enjoy living in Washington, D.C.?

Occasionally, a statement will end with a question. When that happens, it is appropriate to end the sentence with a question mark.

• We can get to Boston quicker, can't we, if we take the interstate?
• His question was, can we end this statement with a question mark?
• She ended her remarks with a resounding why not?

Acronyms (abbreviations [usually made up of the first letter from a series of words] which we pronounce as words, not a series of letters) usually do not require periods: NATO, NOW, VISTA, LASER, SCUBA, RADAR. Abbreviations we pronounce by spelling out the letters may or may not use periods and you will have to use a dictionary to be sure: FBI, NAACP, NCAA, U.S.A., U.N.I.C.E.F., etc.

Semicolon Rules

Semicolon Rules
The following rules and examples will help you know when and where to use the semicolon as a punctuation mark.

• Use a semicolon to combine two very closely related complete sentences.
  

  Toni Morrison uses parabolic storytelling in her writing; she seldom writes in a linear mode. Many people believe the state quarters released from the United States Mint will be valuable someday; although this is possible, the coins may also turn out to be worth no more than their actual value of 25 cents.

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• Use a semicolon along with a conjunctive adverb and a comma to clarify the relationship between two closely related complete sentences. Conjunctive adverbs include however, therefore, in addition, moreover, subsequently, consequently, instead, and additionally.
  

  The Leaning Tower of Pisa is in danger of falling over; however, engineers are trying to stabilize its foundation. The Five Nations respects the abilities of all its people; therefore, both women and men participate in making tribal decisions.

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• Use a semicolon to separate a series of phrases or clauses that are long or have punctuation, like commas, within them.
  

  In Walden, Henry David Thoreau encourages individuals to find their own way of life rather than conforming to the ideas of others; to seek the truth and beauty of life in nature; and to learn about themselves and the world by experiencing life instead of just studying it. The University's community outreach committee was led by three individuals: Erica Hunt, a full-time student; Dave Woods, a Center for Information Media administrator; and Joyce Wilkins, a business professor.

Comma Rules

Comma Rules

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, nor, yet, for, so) that separates two independent clauses.

State censorship boards flourished, but the pressure groups wanted a more comprehensive ban on objectionable material.

Traditional classroom methods are under fire from educators nationwide, and many are advocating that methods for individualizing instruction be incorporated into K-12 curricula.

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Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase, or clause that comes before a main clause.

words		Strangely, no one has suggested that Watergate gave us a "new Nixon."
		Nevertheless, many critics of the new administration point to its inability to develop a coherent strategy for decreasing the budget deficit.
phrases		In addition to television's influence, some parents and teachers ascribe children's diminished drive to play to recent changes in the elementary school curriculum.
		Despite immigrant's high hopes, their illusions were often shattered.
clauses		Since the new system was implemented, payroll has been processed 25% faster than it had been using the prior system.
		As they move through the twilight world of big-time narcotics, Crockett and Tubbs constantly break the law to do their jobs.

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Use commas around words, phrases, and clauses in the middle of a sentence when they aren't essential to the meaning of the sentence.

words		By "imagination," then, I mean the free intellectual and sensory play of the mind.
		Numerous studies, however, have shown that negative reinforcment affects self-image more extensively than does positive reinforcement.
phrases		This was not, in other words, an invisible 56 percent of the population.
		Karl Marx, an important nineteenth-century sociologist, believed in his role as a social thinker to change the world.
clauses		Senator McGilvery, who is a Democrat from Rhode Island, dealt fully and responsibly with the controversy his new child care bill sparked.
		Newspeak, which greatly reduced people's vocabularies, lessened their ability to understand scientific words.

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Use commas between items in a series.

words		The frigid, snowy, windy day was typical of Minnesota in January.
		Bald eagles, ospreys, herons, mergansers, and kingfishers are native to this area.
phrases		As more and more anti-smoking laws are passed, we see droves of would-be non-smokers chomping on Nicorettes, gnawing peppermints, chewing pencils, knitting sweaters, or practicing self-hypnosis.
		Three reasons for the closing were insufficient enrollment, poor instructional materials, and inadequate funds.
clauses		Though dogs are messy and hard to train, though they chew up my shoes and give me the blues, though they howl like wolves but jump at their own shadows, though they eat me out of house and home, I still find them a necessary part of my existence.
		If the procedure is carefully planned, if that plan is followed with skill and precision, and if the results are carefully analyzed and professionally presented, we might receive the research award.

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Use commas before and after a quotation within a sentence.

"Cooperation between government and industry," the president said, "must exist if the country is to prosper."

The band leader said, "Once the simple marching drill is learned, we will work on more maneuvers."

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Use a comma before an afterthought or contrasting element.

afterthought		For Canada, the War of 1812 was vitally important, far more important than it was for Britain.
contrasting element		To understand a particular culture, we must consider the society as a whole, not its individual parts.

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Use commas to set off geographical names, items in date, and professional titles.

geographical names		The speaker that day was from Atlanta, Georgia; she discussed the discrimination against blacks which still exist there.
items in dates		Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky.
professional titles		Stephanie Glenn, Ph.D., will be the main speaker at the banquet.

breathe

breathe /ˈbri:ð/ verb

breathes; breathed; breath·ing

1 : to move air into and out of your lungs : to inhale and exhale [no obj] ▪ Relax and breathe deeply. ▪ He was breathing hard from running. ▪ The patient suddenly stopped breathing. ▪ I can hardly breathe with all this smoke. [+ obj] ▪ He wants to live where he can breathe clean/fresh air.

2 a : to send (something) out from your lungs through your mouth or nose [+ obj] ▪ a dragon that breathes fire — often + out ▪ breathing out [=exhaling] carbon dioxide [no obj] ▪ He breathed [=blew] on the glass and wiped it clean. — often + out ▪ Breathe out through your nose.
b : to take (something) into your lungs through your mouth or nose [+ obj] ▪ You shouldn't be breathing [=inhaling] those fumes. ▪ People usually contract the virus by breathing contaminated air. — often + in ▪ You shouldn't be breathing in those fumes. [no obj] ▪ Breathe deeply and then exhale. — usually + in ▪ Breathe in through your nose.

3 [no obj] : to be alive
▪ I'll never give up as long as I'm still breathing. ▪ a living, breathing human being

4 [no obj] : to pause and rest before continuing
▪ We had barely stopped to breathe before we were on the go again.

5 [+ obj] : to bring (something) into a thing
▪ City leaders hope the project will breathe vitality/energy into the downtown. ▪ Their leadership breathed new life into the movement. [=gave new energy to the movement]

6 [no obj] : to feel able to think or act freely
▪ I need some room to breathe. = I need some breathing room/space.

7 [no obj] a : to allow air to pass through
▪ a fabric that breathes
b : to be cooled or refreshed by air that passes through clothing
▪ Cotton clothing lets your skin breathe.

8 [+ obj] : to say (something) very quietly
▪ “It's beautiful,” she breathed. — usually used in the phrase breathe a word ▪ Don't breathe a word of/about this to anyone! [=do not say anything about this to anyone]

9 [no obj] of wine : to develop a better flavor because of contact with air
▪ Open the bottle a few minutes before you want to drink it so that the wine can breathe.

breathe a sigh of relief

: to relax because something you have been worrying about is not a problem or danger anymore : to feel relieved
▪ We all breathed a sigh of relief when we heard that they were safe.

breathe down someone's neck

1 : to chase after someone closely
▪ The cops were breathing down our necks.

2 : to watch someone carefully and constantly
▪ His parents are always breathing down his neck.

breathe easy or breathe easier or breathe easily or breathe freely

: to feel relief from pressure, danger, etc.
▪ I'll breathe easier once this whole ordeal is over. ▪ You can breathe easy knowing that your children are safe.

breathe your last — see ⁴last

live and breathe

◊If you live and breathe something, you spend a great deal of time, thought, or effort on that thing.
▪ She lives and breathes music. ▪ They live and breathe their work.

— breath·able /ˈbri:ðəbəl/ adjective [more breathable; most breathable]
▪ a breathable fabric [=a fabric that allows air to pass through]

— breathing noun [noncount]
▪ Her breathing is heavy/shallow/labored. — often used before another noun ▪ We'll begin with some breathing exercises. ▪ He has breathing problems. — see also heavy breathing at ¹heavy

accustomed

ac·cus·tomed /əˈkʌstəmd/ adjective

[more accustomed; most ] 1 : familiar with something so that it seems normal or usual — + to ▪ She is accustomed to [=used to] life/living on the farm. ▪ We have become/grown/gotten more accustomed to their traditions and routines. ▪ He is accustomed to doing what he wants to do. [=he usually does what he wants to do]

2 always used before a noun, formal : usual or regular 
▪ at her accustomed [=customary] lunch hour ▪ She arrived early enough to get her accustomed seat in the front row.

IRONY

iro·ny /ˈaɪrəni/ noun

plural iro·nies

1 [noncount] : the use of words that mean the opposite of what you really think especially in order to be funny 
▪ a writer known for her clever use of irony ▪ “What a beautiful view,” he said, his voice dripping withirony, as he looked out the window at the alley. ▪ She described her vacation with heavy irony as “an educational experience.” — compare sarcasm

2 : a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected [count] ▪ It was a tragic irony that he made himself sick by worrying so much about his health. ▪ The (awful/bitter) irony is that in trying to forget her, he thought of her even more. ▪ That's just one of life's little ironies. [noncount] ▪ The irony of the situation was apparent to everyone. ▪ He has a strong sense of irony.

NOUNS

GRAMMAR

NOUNS  is the name of anything like  the names of persons, things and animals   e.g  ,    Names of persons :   Mario , Maria , Laia, Antonio. Names of things  :    Pencil, table, ruler Names of  animals :  Dog, elephant, cat The gender of the nouns are two : SINGULAR and PLURAL -          Pencil      ( singular ) -          Pencils    ( Plural Most nouns form their plural by adding an “ S “ to the singular Pencil   -----  pencils

NOT is an adverb of negation

GRAMMAR

NOT    is an adverb of negation, it is placed after the verb. e.g  ,  CONJUGATION :     to be VERB: to be in 1º the persons singular  I       am   not reading In 3º person singular SHE   is  not studying  HE is not  speaking   IT   IS  not saying in all the persons  YOU are not  running WE are not  looking THEY  are not giving     This is called INDICATIVE MOOD IN PRESENT TENSES.