The Period

 Use a period [ . ] at the end of a sentence that makes a statement. There is no space between the last letter and the period. Use one space between the period and the first letter of the next sentence. This goes against the grain for people using the typography instilled by generations of old-fashioned typewriter users, but modern word-processors nicely accommodate the spacing after a period, and double-spacing after a period can only serve to discombobulate the good intentions of one's software. Quotation Marks and Parentheses for special placement considerations with those marks.

See
Use a period at the end of a command.

• Hand in the poster essays no later than noon on Friday.
• In case of tremors, leave the building immediately.

Use a period at the end of an indirect question.

• The teacher asked why Maria had left out the easy exercises.
• My father used to wonder why Egbert's ears were so big.

Use a period with abbreviations:

Dr. Espinoza arrived from Washington, D.C., at 6 p.m.

Notice that when the period ending the abbreviation comes at the end of a sentence, it will also suffice to end the sentence. On the other hand, when an abbreviation ends a question or exclamation, it is appropriate to add a question mark or exclamation mark after the abbreviation-ending period:

Did you enjoy living in Washington, D.C.?

Occasionally, a statement will end with a question. When that happens, it is appropriate to end the sentence with a question mark.

• We can get to Boston quicker, can't we, if we take the interstate?
• His question was, can we end this statement with a question mark?
• She ended her remarks with a resounding why not?

Acronyms (abbreviations [usually made up of the first letter from a series of words] which we pronounce as words, not a series of letters) usually do not require periods: NATO, NOW, VISTA, LASER, SCUBA, RADAR. Abbreviations we pronounce by spelling out the letters may or may not use periods and you will have to use a dictionary to be sure: FBI, NAACP, NCAA, U.S.A., U.N.I.C.E.F., etc.

account

account verb accounts; account·ed; account·ing

[+ obj] formal : to think of (someone or something) in a specified way — usually used as (be) accounted ▪ Their first project was accounted [=considered] a success.

 

account for [phrasal verb]

1 account for (something) a : to give a reason or explanation for (something)
▪ Eventually, you will need to account for your actions/behavior. ▪ How do you account for [=explain] your success? ◊The informal saying there's no accounting for taste means that there is no way to understand why some people like something while other people do not.
▪ I don't see why they liked the movie, but there's no accounting for taste.
b : to be the cause of (something)
▪ The disease accounted for over 10,000 deaths last year. ▪ These new features account for the computer's higher price. ▪ The disease cannot be accounted for [=explained] by genetics alone. There must be other causes as well.
c : to make up or form (a part of something)
▪ Women account for [=constitute, compose] only 25 percent of our employees.
d US : to think about (something) before doing something : to take (something) into consideration
▪ The researchers failed to account for the fact that most of the students were poor.

 

2 account for (someone or something) a : to show what happened to (someone or something)
▪ We have to account for the time [=to say how much time] we spend on each activity. ▪ I'll have to account for the money I spent. : to know the location of (someone or something) ▪ The government couldn't account for millions of dollars of the taxpayers' money. ▪ Is everyone accounted for? [=do we know where everyone is?] ▪ All present and accounted for. [=everyone who is supposed to be here is here]
b : to destroy or kill (someone or something)
▪ Enemy fighters have accounted for most of our bombers, Sir. ; also chiefly Brit : to defeat or beat (someone or something)
▪ We accounted for [=dispatched] the challengers 3–2.

prioritize

pri·or·i·tize also Brit pri·or·i·tise /praɪˈorəˌtaɪz/ verb

 

pri·or·i·tiz·es; pri·or·i·tized; pri·or·i·tiz·ing

1 : to organize (things) so that the most important thing is done or dealt with first [+ obj] ▪ It's always difficult to prioritize work, school, and family. [no obj] ▪ If you want to do your job efficiently, you have to learn to prioritize.

2 [+ obj] : to make (something) the most important thing in a group
▪ The town council hopes to prioritize the bridge construction project at the next meetin

outrage

out·rage /ˈaʊtˌreɪʤ/ noun plural out·rag·es

1 [noncount] : extreme anger : a strong feeling of unhappiness because of something bad, hurtful, or morally wrong
▪ Many people expressed outrage at the court's decision. ▪ Public outrage over the scandal was great. ▪ moral outrage

2 [count] : something that hurts people or is morally wrong
▪ The rule is an outrage against women. ▪ This is an outrage! I won't allow this kind of behavior to continue.

loophole

loop·hole /ˈlu:pˌhoʊl/ noun

plural loop·holes

[count] : an error in the way a law, rule, or contract is written that makes it possible for some people to legally avoid obeying it
▪ She took advantage of a loophole in the tax law. ▪ a tax loophole ▪ His attorney has been hunting/searching for a loophole that would allow him to get out of the deal. ▪ tried to close/plug a loophole in the new legislation

INFRASTRUCTURE

in·fra·struc·ture /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃɚ/ noun

 

plural in·fra·struc·tures

: the basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed for a country, region, or organization to function properly [noncount] ▪ More money is needed to save the crumbling infrastructure of the nation's rural areas. ▪ We need to spend more money on maintaining and repairing infrastructure. [count] ▪ town/city infrastructures

— in·fra·struc·tur·al /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃərəl/ adjective
▪ infrastructural maintenance and repair

protracted

pro·tract·ed /proʊˈtræktəd/ adjective

 

[more protracted; most protracted] : lasting a long time : continuing longer than necessary or expected
▪ They reached an agreement after protracted [=lengthy] negotiations. ▪ a protracted battle/conflict/war

PHRASAL VERBS - COME

come /ˈkʌm/ verb comes; came /ˈkeɪm/; come; com·ing


 

come up [phrasal verb]

1 : to move near to someone or something : to approach someone or something
▪ He came (right) up (to me) and introduced himself.

 

2 a : to be mentioned or thought of
▪ That issue never came up. [=arose] ▪ A question has come up about the budget. ▪ I was surprised when his name came up as a possible candidate for the job.
b : to occur in usually a sudden or unexpected way
▪ She seems to be ready to deal with any problem that may come up. [=arise] ▪ Something has come up and I won't be able to attend the meeting. ▪ We need to be ready to take action if an opportunity comes up.

 

3 of the sun or moon : to become visible in the sky : to rise
▪ She was already awake when the sun came up.

 

4 of a plant : to first appear above the ground
▪ in the spring, when the daffodils and tulips are coming up

 

5 : to finish in a specified condition or state
▪ I flipped the coin and it came up heads/tails. ▪ The shot came up short. [=the shot did not go far enough]

 

6 : to move up in rank or status
▪ an officer who came up from/through the ranks [=who started as an ordinary soldier and rose to become an officer]

 

7 ◊Something that is coming up will happen soon or will appear soon.
▪ With the election coming up, both candidates are spending all their time on the campaign trail. ▪ Our interview with the mayor is coming (right) up after this commercial. ▪ “I'd like a turkey sandwich and a glass of lemonade, please.” “Coming right up!” [=the sandwich and lemonade will be served to you very quickly]

 

come up against [phrasal verb]

come up against (something) : to be stopped or slowed by (something)
▪ The proposal has come up against some opposition. [=there is some opposition to the proposal]

come up empty

: to fail to get or find something or someone
▪ The police searched the area for clues but came up empty. [=they did not find any clues]

 

come upon

[phrasal verb] somewhat formal

1 come upon (someone or something) : to meet or find (someone or something) by chance
▪ As they turned the corner, they came upon an unexpected scene. ▪ While researching the town's history, she came upon some surprising new information about its first mayor.

 

2 come upon (someone) of a feeling : to affect (someone) suddenly
▪ An urge to travel suddenly came upon him. [=he suddenly felt an urge to travel]

 

come up to [phrasal verb]

come up to (something) : to be as good as (something)
▪ The movie didn't come up to our expectations. [=was not as good as we expected it to be]

come up with [phrasal verb] 

 

come up with (something) : to get or think of (something that is needed or wanted)
▪ We finally came up with a solution (to our problem). ▪ He came up with an interesting new method of improving the factory's efficiency. ▪ He'll be in a lot of trouble if he doesn't come up with the money he owes.

come what may

: regardless of what happens
▪ He promised to support her, come what may.

easy come, easy go

PREFIXES - ONE WAY TO INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY

“Prefixes “

One way to increase your vocabulary is to learn to reoganize and to use prefixes.

A prefix: is one or two more syllables palced in front of  a root word to change the meaning of the root

Prefix         root                   new word

Dis          +   appear     =          disappear

Re            +  appear     =          reappear

Pre          +   appear     =          preappear

Some prefixes have a single, unchanging meaning.

Prefixes Having a Single Meaning

Prefix                Meaning                Example

Bene-                  good                       benefit

Circum-              around               circumscribe

Equi-                   equal                     equidisntat

Extra-                  outside          extracurricular

Intra-                   within             intrastate

Intro-                   into                  intospect





Prefix                Meaning                Example

Mal -                   bad                       maltreat

Mis-                    wrong                   misspell

Non -                    not                      nonworking  

Pre -                    before                  predawn

Sub -          under or below              subzero

 

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CONTIONAL AND UNREAL PAST

Today, we will study “ Conditional and Unreal  Past   “

   In English we can express three important ideas with “ if “

1- Likely or Probable

2- Unlikely or improbable

3- Impossible

So: “Likely or probable  “

Main clause – Future ;  if .... Present   .

e.G

He will come if  you call him.

It means : something will happen if a certain  condition is fullfilled.

***Like clauses begining with “ When “ “ as soon as “, etc. “ If – clauses” also have  no “ shall / will / would / should “ in them.

So: “Unlikely or improbable  “

Main clause – Conditional ;  if .... Past   .

e.G

He would  come if  you called him.

It means : The probable result of a  certain  condition that we suppose  or imagen .

*** The “ if –clause “ is not taking place at this moment , but I can imagine the probable result. We inlude here all the Unreal” Ifs “, Like:

If you were a fish, the cat wouldn’t  eat you.

So: “Impossible   “

Main clause – Conditional  perfect ;  if .... Past  perfect   .

e.G

He would  have come if  you  had called him.

It means :  He didn’t come ! Why ? Because you didn’t call him. .

*** All number three types are impossible  ideas, because we know  the condition was not fullfilled , but  we like to imagen the result  if ..........

 

•I’m your Personal English Coach in Granollers, Barcelona.

You can follow me on :

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See ya.