accept
allow
ask
believe
borrow
break
bring
buy
can/be able
cancel
change
clean
comb
complain
cough
count
cut
dance
draw
drink
drive
eat
explain
fall
fill
find
finish
fit
fix
fly
forget
give
go
have
hear
hurt
know
learn
leave
listen
live
look
lose
make/do
need
open
________________________________________________________________________
close/shut
organize
pay
play
put
rain
read
reply
run
say
see
sell
send
sign
sing
sit
sleep
smoke
speak
spell
spend
stand
start/begin
study
succeed
swim
take
talk
teach
tell
think
translate
travel
try
turn off
turn on
type
understand
use
wait
wake up
want
watch
work
worry
write
_____________________________________________________
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
answer answered answered responder
arrive arrived arrived llegar
ask asked asked preguntar
be i was / were been ser
borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado
break i broke broken romper
buy i bought bought comprar
catch i caught caught atrapar
clean cleaned cleaned limpiar
climb climbed climbed escalar
collect collected collected colleccionar
come i came come venir
compose composed composed componer
cook cooked cooked cocinar
cut i cut cut cortar
dance danced danced bailar
describe described described describir
discover discovered discovered descubrir
do i did done hacer
drink i drank drunk beber
drive i drove driven conducir
eat i ate eaten comer
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
fall i fell fallen caer
feel i felt felt sentir
find i found found encontrar
fly i flew flown volar
forget i forgot forgotten olvidar
give i gave given dar
go i went gone ir
happen happened happened suceder
have i had had tener
help helped helped ayudar
hurt i hurt hurt herir, doler
invent invented invented inventar
invite invited invited invitar
kill killed killed matar
know i knew known saber
lend i lent lent prestar
leave i left left dejar
lie i lay lain yacer
like liked liked gustar
live lived lived vivir
look looked looked mirar
love loved loved amar
make i made made hacer
meet i met met conocer, encontrar
miss missed missed perder, extrañar
open opened opened abrir
pack packed packed empacar
pay i paid paid pagar
phone phoned phoned llamar por teléfono
play played played jugar
prefer preferred preferred preferir
prepare prepared prepared preparar
push pushed pushed empujar
put i put put poner
rain rained rained llover
read i read read leer
remember remembered remembered recordar
rent rented rented alquilar
rescue rescued rescued rescatar
return returned returned volver, devolver
ring i rang rung llamar por teléfono
save saved saved ahorrar
say i said said decir
search searched searched buscar
see i saw seen ver
sell i sold sold vender
sit i sat sat sentarse
skate skated skated patinar
ski skied skied esquiar
sleep i slept slept dormir
smell smelled smelled oler
speak i spoke spoken hablar
spend i spent spent gastar
start started started comenzar
stay stayed stayed quedarse
stop stopped stopped detener
study studied studied estudiar
survive survived survived sobrevivir
swim i swam swum nadar
take i took taken tomar
talk talked talked hablar
teach i taught taught enseñar
tell i told told decir
think i thought thought pensar
throw i threw thrown lanzar
touch touched touched tocar
try tried tried intentar
understand i understood understood entender
use used used usar
visit visited visited visitar
wait waited waited esperar
walk walked walked caminar
want wanted wanted querer
wash washed washed lavar
watch watched watched mirar
wear i wore worn llevar puesto
work worked worked trabajar
write i wrote written escribir
_________________________________________________________________________
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
add added added agregar
answer answered answered responder
apologise apologised apologised disculparse
arrest arrested arrested arrestar
arrive arrived arrived llegar
ask asked asked preguntar
attack attacked attacked atacar
be i was / were been ser
become i became become convertirse
begin i began begun comenzar
believe believed believed creer
boil boiled boiled hervir
book booked booked reservar
borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado
break i broke broken romper
bring i brought brought traer
build i built built construir
buy i bought bought comprar
catch i caught caught atrapar
carry carried carried llevar
change changed changed cambiar
chop chopped chopped picar
clean cleaned cleaned limpiar
climb climbed climbed escalar
collect collected collected colleccionar
come i came come venir
compose composed composed componer
cook cooked cooked cocinar
copy copied copied copiar
cut i cut cut cortar
dance danced danced bailar
describe described described describir
destroy destroyed destroyed destruir
die died died morir
discover discovered discovered descubrir
discuss discussed discussed discutir
do i did done hacer
draw i drew drawn dibujar
dream i dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
drink i drank drunk beber
drive i drove driven conducir
dye dyed dyed teñir
eat i ate eaten comer
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
explode exploded exploded explotar
extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse
fall i fell fallen caer
feed i fed fed alimentar
feel i felt felt sentir
fight i fought fought pelear
find i found found encontrar
fly i flew flown volar
forget i forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze i froze frozen congelar
fry fried fried freír
give i gave given dar
go i went gone ir
grow i grew grown crecer
happen happened happened suceder
hate hated hated odiar
have i had had tener
hear i heard heard oír
help helped helped ayudar
hire hired hired alquilar
hope hoped hoped esperar
hunt hunted hunted cazar
hurt i hurt hurt herir, doler
imagine imagined imagined imaginar
invent invented invented inventar
invite invited invited invitar
jump jumped jumped saltar
keep i kept kept guardar
kill killed killed matar
know i knew known saber
leave i left left dejar
lend i lent lent prestar
lie i lay lain yacer
lie lied lied mentir
lift lifted lifted levantar
like liked liked gustar
listen listened listened escuchar
live lived lived vivir
look looked looked mirar
lose i lost lost perder
love loved loved amar
make i made made hacer
meet i met met conocer, encontrar
miss missed missed perder, extrañar
offer offered offered ofrecer
open opened opened abrir
pack packed packed empacar
pass passed passed pasar, aprobar
pay i paid paid pagar
peel peeled peeled pelar
phone phoned phoned llamar por teléfono
plan planned planned planificar
play played played jugar
pour poured poured verter
prefer preferred preferred preferir
prepare prepared prepared preparar
push pushed pushed empujar
put i put put poner
rain rained rained llover
read i read read leer
reduce reduced reduced reducir
remember remembered remembered recordar
rent rented rented alquilar
rescue rescued rescued rescatar
return returned returned volver, devolver
ring i rang rung llamar por teléfono
run i ran run correr
save saved saved ahorrar
say i said said decir
search searched searched buscar
send i sent sent enviar
scream screamed screamed gritar
see i saw seen ver
sell i sold sold vender
shine i shone shone brillar
shoot i shot shot disparar
shut i shut shut cerrar
sing i sang sung cantar
sit i sat sat sentarse
skate skated skated patinar
ski skied skied esquiar
sleep i slept slept dormir
smell smelled smelled oler
snore snored snored roncar
speak i spoke spoken hablar
spend i spent spent gastar
start started started comenzar
stay stayed stayed quedarse
steal i stole stolen robar
stop stopped stopped detener
study studied studied estudiar
survive survived survived sobrevivir
swim i swam swum nadar
take i took taken tomar
talk talked talked hablar
teach i taught taught enseñar
tell i told told decir
thank thanked thanked agradecer
think i thought thought pensar
throw i threw thrown lanzar
touch touched touched tocar
try tried tried intentar
use used used usar
understand i understood understood entender
visit visited visited visitar
wait waited waited esperar
walk walked walked caminar
want wanted wanted querer
warn warned warned advertir
wash washed washed lavar
watch watched watched mirar
wear i wore worn llevar puesto
win i won won ganar
work worked worked trabajar
write i wrote written escribir
_____________________________________________________________
Verbos modales
Los verbos modales realizan una función similar a la de los verbos
auxiliares. Dan información adicional sobre el verbo que los sigue y se
utilizan para indicar posibilidad, probabilidad, certeza, deducción,
capacidad, consejo, obligación, prohibición, permiso, hacer peticiones,
ofrecimientos, sugerencias, etc.
Son verbos modales: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall,
should, will y would.
Los verbos modales tienen algunas características que los diferencian de los verbos normales:
1. Los modales van seguidos siempre de un verbo en infinitivo:
She must leave in a few minutes.
I think it will look rather nice.
Things might have been so different.
People may be watching.
She ought to go straight back to England.
My sister can't drive yet.
You could be right.
Shall we go out for a meal tonight?
You should study harder.
Would you finish this for me?
2. Los modales sólo tienen una forma. No añaden '-s' a la tercera
persona del singular del presente y no tienen formas acabadas en '-
ing' o en '-ed'. Tampoco tienen infinitivo.
There's nothing I can do about it.
I'm sure he can do it.
2
3. Los verbos modales no necesitan el auxiliar DO para la forma
negativa ni para las preguntas. Para la forma negativa de un modal
simplemente añadimos NOT o una palabra negativa inmediatamente
detrás del modal.
You must not worry.
I can never remember his name.
'Can + not' se escribe siembre como una palabra, 'cannot'.
I cannot go back. = I can't go back.
En inglés hablado o escrito informal 'not' se contrae en '-n't' y se
añade al modal:
could not -> couldn't We couldn't leave the farm.
should not -> shouldn't You shouldn't talk like that.
must not -> mustn't You mustn't talk about Ron like that.
would not -> wouldn't I wouldn't do it if I were you.
Las siguientes formas contractas son irregulares:
shall not -> shan't I shan't let you go.
will not -> won't Won't you change your mind?
cannot -> can't We can't stop now.
'Might not' y 'ought not' se contraen a veces en 'mightn't' y
'oughtn't'. Sin embargo, es muy raro que 'may not' aparezca como
'mayn't' en inglés moderno.
Para hacer una pregunta, se pone el modal delante del sujeto.
Could you give me an example?
Will you be coming in later?
Shall I shut the door?
4. La mayoría de los verbos modales no se pueden utilizar en tiempos
de pasado o futuro. Por ejemplo, no podemos decir
*She will can come with me.
Tampoco es correcto *We musted study a lot.
Cuando nos referimos al pasado, utilizamos un modal seguido de 'have' y un
participio pasado:
They may have seen the film - Puede que hayan visto la película
5. Los modales no indican normalmente el tiempo en que ocurre
algo. Sin embargo, 'shall' y 'will' indican a menudo un hecho o una
situación futura.
I shall do what you suggested.
He will not return for many hours.
6. En inglés hablado y en inglés escrito informal, 'shall' y 'will' se
utilizan en forma contracta como 'll. 'Would' se contrae en 'd.
I'll see you tomorrow.
I hope you'll agree.
Mary said she'd love to stay.
'Shall', 'will' y 'would' no se contraen cuando van al final de una
oración.
Paul said he would come, and I hope he will.
ATENCIÓN: La forma contracta del auxiliar 'had' es también 'd.
I'd heard it many times. = I had heard it many times.
7. 'Could' se utiliza como pasado de 'can' para expresar habilidad.
'Would' se utiliza en estilo indirecto como reporting verb de 'will'
para expresar futuro.
When I was young, I could run for miles.
I will see my mother tomorrow
--> He said that he would see his mother the next day.
8. Nunca se usan dos modales juntos. Por ejemplo, no se puede decir
*"He will can come". En su lugar se puede utilizar BE ABLE TO:
"He will be able to come".
De la misma forma, tampoco podemos decir *"I will must go". Pero
podemos utilizar HAVE TO:
"I will have to go".
9. Los modales se pueden utilizar en question tags :
You won't tell her, will you?
She can drive, can't she?
Prohibición / Obligación / Ausencia de obligación / Permiso
Prohibición Obligación Ausencia de obligación Permiso
mustn't
You mustn't run in the corridor
must
You must be here on time
needn't
You needn't come tomorrow
can
You can use your book
can't
You can't use your dictionary in the exam
have (got) to
You have to wear a uniform
You've got to be quiet.
don't have to
You don't have to buy it
may
May I use your car?
may not
You may not use your mobile phone here
should
You should bring your book
haven't got to
I haven't got to do any homework
could
Could I take another biscuit?
shall not
You shall not leave without permission
ought to
It's very cold. You ought to take a coat
didn't need to
I didn't need to take the bus because it was just across the road.
needn't have +past participle
You needn't have come (You came although it wasn't necessary)
5
Habilidad o capacidad / Posibilidad o probabilidad / Certeza
/ Deducciones Habilidad o Capacidad Posibilidad o probabilidad Certeza Deducciones
can
I can speak French
can
The temperature in Jaén can reach 40ºC in July
will
Most of you will have heard of this.
must
You must be Tom's father.
could
When I was younger I could play tennis quite well.
could
They could be friends
would
You would agree that changes
must be done
can't
She can't have left the party.
be able to
- I'll be able to finish it on time.
- We were able to talk to the headteacher. (We actually talked to her)
may
It may rain
should
She should be sad living in Great Britain
must have + past participle
She must have forgotten
might
It might be true
shall
We shall be leaving as soon as we are ready.
can't have + past participle
She can't have finished yet
may have + past participle
She may have forgotten it
must have + past participle
I must have left my credit card in the bookshop (I'm sure I did)
might have + past participle
They might have arrived
could have + past participle
He could have killed her
6
Peticiones / Ofrecimientos / Sugerencias y consejos / Deseos
Peticiones Ofrecimientos Sugerencias y consejos Deseos
can
Can you help me?
can
Can I help you?
should
You should ask your teacher
would
I would like to know the answer.
could
Could I interrupt you?
may
May I help you?
ought to
She ought to be more careful
would rather
I would rather have left
will
Will you open the window, please?
shall
Shall I close the door?
could
We could go to the cinema.
would sooner
I'd sooner walk than go by bus
would you mind if
Would you mind If I used your car?
will
Will you have a cup of tea?
should have + past participle
She ought to have finished it.
would you mind + V-ing
Would you mind bringing some bread?
would
Would you like a drink?
shall
Shall we meet outside the bank?
should
Should I phone for a taxi for you?
can
You can take a taxi if you are tired
might
You might like to come with us
had better
You'd better leave now (we might have a quarrel)
http://webs.ono.com/lallena/ModalVerbs.html
_____________________________________________________________
Abbreviation Abreviatura, Abreviación
Abdication Abdicación
Acclamation Aclamación
Accumulation Acumulación
Administration Administración
Admiration Admiración
Adoration Adoración
Affirmation Afirmación
Agglomeration Aglomeración
Agitation Agitación
Allegation Alegación
Animation Animación
Anticipation Anticipación
Application Aplicación
Assassination *Asesinato
Assimilation Asimilación
Association Asociación
Authentication Autenticación
Authorization Autorización
Automation Automatización
Aviation Aviación
Celebration Celebración
Cessation Cesación
Circulation Circulación
Civilization Civilización
Classification Clasificación
Collaboration Colaboración
Combination Combinación
Commemoration Conmemoración
Commendation Recomendación
Communication Comunicación
Compensation Compensación
Compilation Compilación
Concentration Concentración
Condemnation Condenación
Condensation Condensación
Confirmation Confirmación
Confiscation Confiscación
Confrontation **Enfrentamiento
Congratulation Feliciatión
Congregation Congregación
Consideration Consideración
Consolation *Consuelo
Constellation Constelación
Consternation Consternación
Consultation Consultación
Contamination Contaminación
Contemplation Contemplación
Continuation Continuación
Conversation Conversación
Cooperation Cooperación
Coronation Coronación
Corporation Corporación
Correlation Correlación
Corroboration Corroboración
Creation Creación
Cultivation Cultivo*
Declaration Declaración
Degeneration Degeneración
Degradation Degradación
Delegation Delegación
Deliberation Deliberación
Delineation Delineación
Demonstration Demostración Manifestación (protest)
Deregulation Dereglamentación
Derivation Derivación
Derogation Detracción
Desecration Desecration
Desegregation Desegregation
Desolation Desolación
Destination Destino
Determination Determinación
Detestation *Aborrecimiento
Detonation Detonación
Dictation *Dictado
Differentiation Differentiation
Discrimination Discriminación
Disputation *disputa
Dissemination Diseminación
Documentation Documentación
Domestication Domestication
Domination Dominación
Donation Donación
Duration Duración
Education Educación
Ejaculation Eyaculación
Elaboration Elaboración
Elevation Elevación
Elimination Eliminación
Emancipation Emancipación
Emulation Emulación
Equation Ecuación
Evacuation Evacuación
Exaggeration Exageración
Examination *Examen
Exclamation Exclamación
Excommunication *Excomunión
Expectation *Expectativa
Experimentation Experimentación
Explanation Explicación
Exploration Exploración
Expostulation Expostulation
Extermination Exterminio
Exultation Exultation
Facilitation Facilitación
Fascination Fascinación
Federation Confederación
Fermentation Fermentación
Formation Formación
Formulation Fórmulación
Foundation Fundación
Generation Generación
Germination Germinación
Gratification Gratificación
Gravitation Gravitación
Hallucination *Alucinación
Hesitation Vacilación
Hibernation Hibernación
Humiliation Humillación
Identification Identificación
Illumination Iluminación
Illustration Ilustración
Imagination Imaginación
Imitation Imitación
Immigration Inmigración
Implication Implicación
Inclination Inclinación
Indentation Indentación
Indication Indicación
Indignation Indignación
Information Información
Initiation Iniciación
Innovation Innovación
Inoculation Inoculación
Insinuation Insinuación
Inspiration Inspiración
Installation Instalación
Instigation Provocación
Interpretation Interpretación
Intimation Intimación
Intonation Entonación
Inundation Inundación
Investigation Investigación (research)
Invitation Invitación
Invocation Invocación
Isolation Aislamiento
Justification Justificación
Lamentation Lamentación
Legislation Legislación
Limitation Limitación
Litigation Litigación
Location Ubicación
Maceration Maceración
Machination Maquinación
Manifestation Manifestación
Manipulation Manipulación
Mastication Masticación
Materialization Materialización
Meditation Mediación
Mineralisation Mineralisation
Moderation Moderación
Modification Modificación
Mutilation Mutilación
Narration Narración
Nation Nación
Naturalization Naturalización
Obligation Obligación
Observation Observación
Occupation Ocupación
Operation Operación
Organization Organización
Orientation Orientación
Ovation Ovación
Overpopulation *Superpoblación
Participation Participación
Penetration Penetración
Perspiration *Transpiración
Perturbation Perturbación
Population *Población
Precipitation Precipitación
Predestination Predestinación
Premeditation Premeditación
Preparation Preparación
Presentation Presentación
Preservation **Conservación
Privation Privación
Proliferation Proliferación
Prolongation Prolongación
Pronunciation Pronunciación
Propagation Propagación
Provocation Provocación
Publication Publicación
Punctuation Puntuación
Qualification **Cualificación
Realization Realización
Recitation Recitación
Reconciliation Conciliación
Recreation Recreación
Rectification Rectificación
Registration Inscripción
Regulation Regulación
Rehabilitation Rehabilitación
Relation Relación
Renunciation Renunciación
Reorganization Reorganización
Representation Representación
Reprobation Reprobation
Reputation Reputación
Respiration Respiración
Restoration Restauración
Retaliation Retaliación Represalia
Revelation Revelación
Salutation Salutación
Salvation Salvación
Segregation Segregación
Sensation Sensación
Separation Separación
Signification Significación
Simulation Simulación
Situation Situación
Sophistication Sofisticación
Speculation Especulación
Stagnation *Estancación Estancamiento
Starvation **Inanición
Station Estación
Stipulation Estipulación
Temptation *Tentación
Toleration Tolerancia
Transfiguration Transfiguración
Transformation Transformación
Translation *Traducción
Transportation Transportación
Tribulation Tribulación
Trituration Trituration
Vacation Vacación
Vegetation Vegetación
Veneration Veneración
Ventilation Ventilación
Verification Verificación
Violation Violación (usually means rape in Spanish)
Vocation Vocación
GRANOLLERS: FIRST CERTIFICATE 5.50 EUROS HORAS
viernes, 10 de junio de 2011
.All IRREGULARS VERBS IN ENGLISH
Traer
Bring
Brought
Brought
Pensar
Think
Thought
Thought
Comprar
Buy
Bought
Bought
Coger
Catch
Caught
Caught
Enseñar
Teach
Taught
Taught
Hablar
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Romper
Break
Broke
Broken
Despertar
Wake
Woke
Woken
Soñar
*Dream
Dreamt
Dreamt
Aprender
*Learn
Learnt
Learnt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Llegar a ser
Become
Became
Become
Construir
Build
Built
Built
Hacer
Do
Did
Done
Dibujar
Draw
Drew
Drawn
Beber
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Conducir
Drive
Drove
Driven
Comer
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Caer
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Sentirse
Feel
Felt
Felt
Encontrar
Find
Found
Found
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Olvidar
Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Coneguir
Get
Got
Got
Ir
Go
Went
Gone
Tener
Have
Had
Had
Volar
Fly
Flew
Flown
Saber
Know
Knew
Known
Tirar
Throw
Threw
Thrown
Abandonar
Leave
Left
Left
Perder
Lose
Lost
Lost
Hacer
Make
Made
Made
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Encontrar
Meet
Met
Met
Pagar
Pay
Paid
Paid
Leer
Read
Read
Read
Montar
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Correr
Run
Ran
Run
Decir
Say
Said
Said
Sentarse
Sit
Sat
Sat
Dormir
Sleep
Slept
Slept
Nadar
Swim
Swam
Swum
Tomar
Take
Took
Taken
__________________________________________________________________
Significar
Mean
Meant
Meant
Cantar
Sing
Sang
Sung
Sonar
Ring
Rang
Rung
Prestar
Lend
Lent
Lent
Enviar
Send
Sent
Sent
Gastar
Spend
Spent
Spent
Poner
Put
Put
Put
Costar
Cost
Cost
Cost
Pegar
Hit
Hit
Hit
Dejar
Let
Let
Let
__________________________________________________________
Entender
Understand
Understood
Understood
Llevar puesto
Wear
Wore
Worn
Ganar
Win
Won
Won
Escribir
Write
Wrote
Written
Cerrar
Shut
Shut
Shut
Vender
Sell
Sold
Sold
Deletrear
Spell
Spelt
Spelt
Venir
Come
Came
Come
Empezar
Begin
Began
Begun
Dar
Give
Gave
Given
_________________________________________________________________
Oir
Hear
Heard
Heard
Doler
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Tumbarse
Lie
Lay
Lain
Levantarse
Rise
Rose
Risen
Temblar
Shake
Shook
Shaken
Mostrar
Show
Showed
Shown
Cultivar
Grow
Grew
Grown
Bobinar
Wind
Wound
Wound
Encoger
Shrink
Shrank
Shrunk
Pegar
Stick
Stuck
Stuck
________________________________________________________________
Elegir
Choose
Chose
Chosen
Cortar
Cut
Cut
Cut
Tratar con
Deal
Delt
Delt
Pelear
Fight
Fought
Fought
Golpear
Hit
Hit
Hit
Guardar
Keep
Kept
Kept
Caminar
Lead
Led
Led
Robar
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Jurar
Swear
Swore
Sworn
Helarse
Freeze
Froze
Frozen
_________________________________________________________________
Batir
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Doblar
Bend
Bent
Bent
Apostar
Bet
Bet
Bet
Morder
Bite
Bit
Bitten
Sangrar
Bleed
Bled
Bled
Quemar
Burn
Burnt
Burnt
Apoyarse
Lean
Leant
Leant
Oler
Smell
Smelt
Smelt
Derramar
Spill
Spilt
Spilt
_______________________________________________________________
Soplar
Blow
Blew
Blown
Dar DE COMER
Wore
Worn
Ganar
Win
Won
Won
Escribir
Write
Wrote
Written
Cerrar
Shut
Shut
Shut
Vender
Sell
Sold
Sold
Deletrear
Spell
Spelt
Spelt
Venir
Come
Came
Come
Empezar
Begin
Began
Begun
Dar
Give
Gave
Given
_________________________________________________________________
Oir
Hear
Heard
Heard
Doler
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Tumbarse
Lie
Lay
Lain
Levantarse
Rise
Rose
Risen
Temblar
Shake
Shook
Shaken
Mostrar
Show
Showed
Shown
Cultivar
Grow
Grew
Grown
Bobinar
Wind
Wound
Wound
Encoger
Shrink
Shrank
Shrunk
Pegar
Stick
Stuck
Stuck
________________________________________________________________
Elegir
Choose
Chose
Chosen
Cortar
Cut
Cut
Cut
Tratar con
Deal
Delt
Delt
Pelear
Fight
Fought
Fought
Golpear
Hit
Hit
Hit
Guardar
Keep
Kept
Kept
Caminar
Lead
Led
Led
Robar
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Jurar
Swear
Swore
Sworn
Helarse
Freeze
Froze
Frozen
_________________________________________________________________
Batir
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Doblar
Bend
Bent
Bent
Apostar
Bet
Bet
Bet
Morder
Bite
Bit
Bitten
Sangrar
Bleed
Bled
Bled
Quemar
Burn
Burnt
Burnt
Apoyarse
Lean
Leant
Leant
Oler
Smell
Smelt
Smelt
Derramar
Spill
Spilt
Spilt
_______________________________________________________________
Soplar
Blow
Blew
Blown
Dar DE COMER
FEED FED FE
PROHIBIR F
rbade
Forbidden
Encender
Light
Lit
Lit
Brillar
Shine
Shone
Shone
Disparar
Shoot
Shot
Shot
Hundir
Sink
Sank
Sunk
Escupir
Spit
Spat
Spat
Rasgar
Tear
Tore
Torn
Perturbar
Upset
Upset
Upset
____________________________________________________________
Vendar
Bind
Bound
Bound
Criar
Breed
Bred
Bred
Reventarse
Burst
Burst
Burst
Arrastrarse
Creep
Crept
Crept
Cavar
Dig
Dug
Dug
Moler
Grind
Ground
Ground
Agarrar
Hold
Held
Held
Saltar
Leap
Lept
Lept
Golpear
Strike
Struck
Struck
Llorar
Weep
Wept
Wept
_____________________________________________________________
Emitir
Broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcast
Adherirse
Cling
Clung
Clung
Morar
Dwell
Dwelt
Dwelt
Posar
Lay
Laid
Laid
Sembrar
Sow
Sowed
Sown
Hilar
Spin
Spun
Spun
Estropear
Spoil
Spoilt
Spoilt
Untar
Spread
Spread
Spread
Brincar
Spring
Sprang
Sprung
Colgar
Hang
Hung
Hung
_______________________________________________________________
Balancear
Swing
Swang
Swung
Hacer punto
Knit
Knit
Knit
Colocar
Set
Set
Set
Deslizar
Slide
Slid
Slid
Hender
Split
Split
Split
Barrer
Sweep
Swept
Swept
Picar
Sting
Stung
Stung
Apestar
Stink
Stank
Stunk
____________________________________________________________
Echar
Cast
Cast
Cast
Huir
Flee
Fled
Fled
Predecir
Foretell
Foretold
Fortold
Arrodillarse
Kneel
Knelt
Knelt
Buscar
Seek
Sought
Sought
Matar
Slay
Slew
Slain
Esforzarse
Strive
Strove
Striven
Impulsar
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Pisotear
Tread
Trod
Trodden
Dar zancadas
Stride
Strode
Stridden
_______________________________________________________________
Alzarse
Arise
Arose
Arisen
Contemplar
Behold
Beheld
Beheld
Acosar
Beset
Beset
Beset
Arrojar
Fling
Flung
Flung
Desamparar
Forsake
Forsook
Forsaken
Desgarrar
Rend
Rent
Rent
Despojarsede
Shed
Shed
Shed
Lanzar
Sling
Slung
Slung
Andarfurtivamente
Slink
Slunk
Slunk
Golpear
Smite
Smote
Smitten
PROHIBIR F
rbade
Forbidden
Encender
Light
Lit
Lit
Brillar
Shine
Shone
Shone
Disparar
Shoot
Shot
Shot
Hundir
Sink
Sank
Sunk
Escupir
Spit
Spat
Spat
Rasgar
Tear
Tore
Torn
Perturbar
Upset
Upset
Upset
____________________________________________________________
Vendar
Bind
Bound
Bound
Criar
Breed
Bred
Bred
Reventarse
Burst
Burst
Burst
Arrastrarse
Creep
Crept
Crept
Cavar
Dig
Dug
Dug
Moler
Grind
Ground
Ground
Agarrar
Hold
Held
Held
Saltar
Leap
Lept
Lept
Golpear
Strike
Struck
Struck
Llorar
Weep
Wept
Wept
_____________________________________________________________
Emitir
Broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcast
Adherirse
Cling
Clung
Clung
Morar
Dwell
Dwelt
Dwelt
Posar
Lay
Laid
Laid
Sembrar
Sow
Sowed
Sown
Hilar
Spin
Spun
Spun
Estropear
Spoil
Spoilt
Spoilt
Untar
Spread
Spread
Spread
Brincar
Spring
Sprang
Sprung
Colgar
Hang
Hung
Hung
_______________________________________________________________
Balancear
Swing
Swang
Swung
Hacer punto
Knit
Knit
Knit
Colocar
Set
Set
Set
Deslizar
Slide
Slid
Slid
Hender
Split
Split
Split
Barrer
Sweep
Swept
Swept
Picar
Sting
Stung
Stung
Apestar
Stink
Stank
Stunk
____________________________________________________________
Echar
Cast
Cast
Cast
Huir
Flee
Fled
Fled
Predecir
Foretell
Foretold
Fortold
Arrodillarse
Kneel
Knelt
Knelt
Buscar
Seek
Sought
Sought
Matar
Slay
Slew
Slain
Esforzarse
Strive
Strove
Striven
Impulsar
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Pisotear
Tread
Trod
Trodden
Dar zancadas
Stride
Strode
Stridden
_______________________________________________________________
Alzarse
Arise
Arose
Arisen
Contemplar
Behold
Beheld
Beheld
Acosar
Beset
Beset
Beset
Arrojar
Fling
Flung
Flung
Desamparar
Forsake
Forsook
Forsaken
Desgarrar
Rend
Rent
Rent
Despojarsede
Shed
Shed
Shed
Lanzar
Sling
Slung
Slung
Andarfurtivamente
Slink
Slunk
Slunk
Golpear
Smite
Smote
Smitten
miércoles, 8 de junio de 2011
CURSO DE INGLÉS GRATUITO- GRANOLLERS-BARCELONA-ESPAÑA
Classroom objects
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div style="width:425px" id="__ss_8252757">Classroom2 flash
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Classroom2
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Classroom flash
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Classroom
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domingo, 5 de junio de 2011
SPECIAL DOUBTS IN ENGLISH
A GARBAGE CAN vs A DUSTBIN
:
A GARBAGE CAN vs A DUSTBIN
What's the difference between GARBAGE CAN and DUSTBIN?
There is no difference. They mean the same, it's the container, usually of plastic, in which you place your domestic rubbish and put it in the street for collection by the local council authorities.
It's just that in North America they say GARBAGE CAN and in Britain they say DUSTBIN.
Pssst! Do you know that some English people, especially in the South East, below London, are extremely protective about their dustbins and they even put their name on it, for ex. DUSTBIN HOFFMAN.
That's all for today, folks!
Seeya,
A PUB
:
A PUB
is an abbreviation of the expression PUBLIC HOUSE.
A PUBLIC HOUSE is a premises (an establishment, a place) into which anybody can enter and consume alcohol.
Of course they have to pay, it's a business. The most famous pub in the world is Murphys' Pub in Salou, Spain.
So a public house is a .... a PUB!!
Seeya,
Active Voice
:
Active Voice
Definition: English verbs can be in either the Active or the Passive Voice. Voice shows the relationship between the verb and the noun phrases. In a sentence in the active, the person or thing that performed the action is the Subject of the Verb.
example: They built that skyscraper in 1934.
In a sentence in the Passive the Object of the active sentence is used as the subject of the verb.
example: That skyscraper was built in 1934.
Palabra(s) clave: Active Voice
ACTUALLY vs AT PRESENT
:
ACTUALLY vs AT PRESENT
Many foreign students think that Actually means "now". But they are wrong!
ACTUALLY means really or in fact. But if we want to say NOW, we must say AT THE MOMENT, AT PRESENT or simply NOW.
Look:
Mary: Would you like a coffee, Johnny Boy?
Johnny: No, Mary, actually/in fact/really I'd prefer a whiskey. Could I have a double... two ice
Mary: Sorry Johnny, but at present/at this moment/now I have no whiskey but i have some lovely ice.
Johnny: All right then, give me a glass of milk, Mary girl, no ice
Be careful, student. Actually is a false friend. It is not what it seems.
C U
Adjective
:
Definition:
An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
Adjective Placement
:
Adjectives
Definition - Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That is a cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
When using more than one adjective to describe a noun place the adjectives in the following order before the noun.
NOTE: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun.
1.Opinion
Example: an interesting book, a boring lecture
2.Dimension
Example: a big apple, a thin wallet
3.Age
Example: a new car, a modern building, an ancient ruin
4.Shape
Example: a square box, an oval mask, a round ball
5.Color
Example: a pink hat, a blue book, a black coat
6.Origin
Example: some Italian shoes, a Canadian town, an American car
7.Material
Example: a wooden box, a woolen sweater, a plastic toy
Here are some examples of nouns modified with three adjectives in the correct order based on the list above. Notice that the adjectives are not separated by commas.
•A wonderful old Italian clock. (opinion - age - origin)
•A big square blue box. (dimension - shape - color)
•A disgusting pink plastic ornament. (opinion - color - material)
•Some slim new French trousers. (dimension - age - origin)
Adjectives referring to classes of people
:
Adjectives referring to classes of people
Adjectives : It is group of people as a class. In this case, they are always plural and refer to all members of a class:
such as rich and poor can be used as nouns with the in order to refer to athe young and the elderly who suffer most when in a natural disaster. The word PEOPLE is understood: the elderly (people); the self-employed (people).
A plural form of the verb must be used!
The blind attend special schools.
The poor do not own their own homes.
The rich often married for money.
Only the dead can be resurrected. It's more difficult with the living.
In these examples, the blind has the meaning of blind people, the poor has the meaning of poor people, the rich has the meaning of rich people, the dead means dead people and the living means living people.
Palabra(s) clave: Adjectives referring to classes of people
Adverbs of Frequency
:
Adverbs of Frequency
English Grammar Notes
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.
These are called adverbs of frequency and include:
Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence
100% always I always go to bed before 11pm.
90% usually I usually walk to work.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% seldom / rarely I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% never I never swim in the sea.
* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.
The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence
An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).
Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.
When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb
She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.
We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:
Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally
•Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.
BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:
Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:
•She hardly ever comes to my parties.
•They never say 'thank you'.
We use ever in questions and negative statements:
•Have you ever been to New Zealand?
•I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every other week
ADVERBS: POSITION IN A SENTENCE
:
CHAPTER 24. ADVERBS: POSITION IN A SENTENCE
Words which are used to modify verbs or adjectives are usually referred to as adverbs. For instance, the adverbs in the following sentences are printed in bold type, and the words they modify are underlined.
e.g. I often visit the library.
It is surprisingly hot today.
In the first example, the adverb often modifies the verb visit. In the second example, the adverb surprisingly modifies the adjective hot.
Words which are used to modify adverbs can also be referred to as adverbs.
e.g. The train travels very quickly.
In this example, the adverb very modifies the adverb quickly.
1. Adverbs which modify adjectives and other adverbs
Adverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs usually immediately precede the words they modify.
e.g. The package is extremely large.
We experienced relatively few difficulties.
Buses depart quite regularly.
In these examples, the underlined adverbs immediately precede the words they modify. Extremely modifies the adjective large, relatively modifies the adjective few, and quite modifies the adverb regularly.
The adverbs ago and enough are exceptional, since they usually follow the adjectives or adverbs they modify.
e.g. That happened long ago.
He is old enough to make his own decisions.
We ran fast enough to catch the bus.
In these examples, the adverbs ago and enough follow the words they modify. Ago modifies the adverb long, and enough modifies the adjective old and the adverb fast.
It should be noted that in modern English, when enough is used as an adjective modifying a noun, it precedes the noun. For instance, in the following example, the adjective enough precedes the noun apples.
e.g. Do we have enough apples to make a pie?
However, when ago is used with a noun, it follows the noun. For instance, in the following example, ago follows the noun months.
e.g. That happened six months ago.
The reason for this may be found in the history of the word. Ago, formerly spelled agone, was originally a past participle.
a. Intensifiers
An adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used to modify verbs, can be referred to as an intensifier. In the following examples, the intensifiers are printed in bold type.
e.g. I am very happy.
The film was quite good.
You did that rather well.
Must you leave so soon?
In these examples, very modifies the adjective happy, quite modifies the adjective good, rather modifies the adverb well, and so modifies the adverb soon.
The following words are commonly used as intensifiers:
fairly
quite
rather
so
too
very
In addition, the word really is often used as an intensifier in informal English.
e.g. The film was really good.
You did that really well.
2. Adverbs which modify verbs
The following table gives examples of six different types of adverb which can be used to modify verbs.
Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Connecting Negative
Frequency Manner Location Time Adverbs Adverbs
always carefully ahead again also barely
ever correctly back early consequently hardly
frequently eagerly forward late furthermore little
generally easily here now hence never
never fast high sometime however not
often loudly low then moreover nowhere
rarely patiently near today nevertheless rarely
seldom quickly outside tomorrow otherwise scarcely
sometimes quietly somewhere tonight therefore seldom
usually well there yesterday thus
a. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency answer the question How often?
An adverb which modifies a verb may occupy one of three main positions in a clause. These positions may be referred to as the beginning position, the middle position, and the end position. Adverbs of frequency may occupy any of these positions. In the following examples, the adverbs of frequency are printed in bold type.
An adverb in the beginning position is located at the beginning of a clause. For example:
Often the wind blows less strongly at night.
In this example, the adverb of frequency often is located at the beginning of the clause.
Most adverbs can occupy the beginning position in a clause. The use of this position tends to emphasize the adverb.
An adverb in the end position occurs after an intransitive verb, or after the direct object of a transitive verb.
e.g. He speaks seldom.
I visit her frequently.
In the first example, seldom follows the intransitive verb speaks. In the second example, frequently follows the direct object her of the transitive verb visit.
Usually only one adverb at a time can occupy the beginning position or the middle position in a clause. However, more than one adverb at a time can occupy the end position in a clause.
When more than one adverb occurs in the end position, the different types of adverb are usually placed in a certain order. For instance, in the end position, adverbs of frequency usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location, and precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose.
Adverbs of frequency which consist of single words most often occupy the middle position of a clause. The location of adverbs in the middle position varies depending on the type of verb used. Adverbs in the middle position occupy the locations indicated below:
1) They follow the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to be.
2) They precede the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be.
3) They follow the first auxiliary, in tenses which have auxiliaries.
4) They precede the first auxiliary, or the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be, in short answers.
The following examples illustrate the use of adverbs of frequency in the middle position of a clause. The relevant verbs are underlined.
1) We are always on time.
2) He rarely makes a mistake.
3) I have often wondered about that.
4) Have you seen this movie before? No, I never have.
In the preceding examples, always follows are, the Simple Present of the verb to be; rarely precedes makes, the Simple Present of a verb other than the verb to be; often follows the first auxiliary have of the verb have wondered; and never precedes the auxiliary have in the short answer I never have.
See Exercise 1.
In negative statements, and negative questions with not, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the word not.
e.g. Negative Statement: They do not often miss the bus.
Question with Not: Does he not usually know the answers?
In these examples, the adverbs often and usually follow the word not.
In affirmative questions, and negative questions with n't, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the subject of the clause. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined.
e.g. Affirmative Question: Is it always this cold in February?
Question with n't: Doesn't he usually know the answers?
In the first example, the adverb always follows the subject it. In the second example, the adverb usually follows the subject he.
It should be noted that the adverbs daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and annually usually do not occupy the middle position of a clause.
See Exercise 2.
Verbs may be modified not only by single-word adverbs, but also by adverb phrases and clauses. Like adverbs of frequency, adverb phrases and clauses of frequency answer the question How often?
Adverb phrases and clauses of frequency usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause.
e.g. Once in a while, I like to try something new.
We visited the museum as often as we could.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of frequency once in a while occupies the beginning position of the clause I like to try something new. In the second example, the adverb clause of frequency as often as we could occupies the end position of the clause We visited the museum.
It should be noted that except in the case of commonly used adverbs such as now, then , today, tomorrow, sometimes, usually, maybe and perhaps, adverbs and adverb phrases at the beginning of a clause must usually be followed by commas. In the following examples, the commas are underlined.
e.g. Unfortunately, it began to rain.
As often as possible, we went outside for a walk.
b. Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time answer the question When?
Adverbs of time usually occupy either the beginning position or the end position of a clause. In the following examples, the adverbs of time are printed in bold type.
e.g. Today I will go to the library.
I will go to the post office tomorrow.
In the first example, today occupies the beginning position of a clause. In the second example, tomorrow occupies the end position of a clause.
In the end position, adverbs of time usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location.
With a few exceptions, such as now, then and once, most adverbs of time may not occupy the middle position of a clause.
The adverbs now, then and once may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. For instance, in the following examples, now occupies the first position, the middle position, and the end position of a clause.
e.g. Now it is time to leave.
It is now time to leave.
It is time to leave now.
It should be noted that sometimes is an adverb of frequency, whereas sometime is an adverb of time.
e.g. I sometimes see him in the park.
I would like to read that book sometime.
In the first example, the adverb of frequency sometimes occupies the middle position of a clause. In the second example, the adverb of time sometime occupies the end position of a clause.
Adverb phrases and clauses of time usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause.
e.g. At nine o'clock, the train will leave.
I will call you when I am ready.
In the first example, the adverb phrase at nine o'clock occupies the beginning position of the clause the train will leave. In the second example, the adverb clause when I am ready occupies the end position of the clause I will call you.
c. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner answer the question How? Many adverbs of manner have the ending ly. The formation and use of adverbs of manner will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
Adverbs of manner most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they follow an intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb.
e.g. We waited patiently for the play to begin.
I sold the strawberries quickly.
In the first example, the adverb of manner patiently follows the intransitive verb waited. In the second example, the adverb of manner quickly follows the direct object strawberries of the transitive verb sold.
An adverb of manner may be placed at the beginning of a clause, in order to emphasize the idea expressed by the adverb.
e.g. Patiently, we waited for the show to begin.
Quickly, I sold the strawberries.
In these examples, the ideas expressed by patiently and quickly are emphasized.
Adverbs of manner are often placed in the middle position of a clause, particularly when the clause contains no adverb of frequency.
e.g. I slowly opened the door.
I have carefully considered all of the possibilities.
In the first example, the adverb of manner slowly precedes opened, a verb in the Simple Past. In the second example, the adverb of manner carefully follows the auxiliary have of the verb have considered.
In informal English, adverbs of manner are often placed immediately after the word to of an infinitive. When this is done, the infinitive is referred to as a split infinitive.
e.g. I wanted to carefully consider the situation.
In this example, the infinitive to consider is split by the adverb carefully.
However, in formal English, it is considered preferable not to use split infinitives. In formal English, the above example could be written:
I wanted to consider the situation carefully.
Adverb phrases and clauses of manner usually occupy the end position of a clause.
e.g. We arrived on foot.
We finished the work as quickly as we could.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of manner on foot follows the intransitive verb arrived. In the second example, the adverb clause of manner as quickly as we could follows the direct object work of the transitive verb finished.
Adverb phrases and clauses of manner are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis. For example:
As quickly as we could, we finished the work.
In this example, the adverb clause as quickly as we could is emphasized.
d. Connecting adverbs
Adverbs such as however, nevertheless and therefore are often used to connect the ideas expressed by the clauses in which they occur to ideas expressed in previous clauses. In the following examples, the connecting adverbs are printed in bold type.
Connecting adverbs are often placed at the beginning of a clause.
e.g. I would like to go skiing. However, I have too much work to do.
She was very busy; nevertheless, she found time to go swimming.
In the first example, the adverb however, which occurs at the beginning of the clause I have too much work to do, connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, I would like to go skiing. In the second example, the adverb nevertheless, which occurs at the beginning of the clause she found time to go swimming, connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, she was very busy.
Many connecting adverbs may be placed in the middle position of a clause. This is often done when the clause contains no adverb of frequency.
e.g. I am, nevertheless, anxious to continue.
We thus had no difficulty finding the motel.
We have, therefore, decided to do it.
In the first example, nevertheless follows am, the Simple Present of the verb to be. In the second example, thus precedes had, the Simple Past of a verb other than the verb to be. In the third example, therefore follows the auxiliary have of the verb have decided.
The adverb however may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. As illustrated in the following examples, a connecting adverb is usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.
e.g. However, it has stopped snowing.
It has, however, stopped snowing.
It has stopped snowing, however.
It should be noted that the adverb instead is often placed at the end of a clause.
e.g. Because there was no meat, I bought fish instead.
Connecting adverb phrases are most often placed at the beginning of a clause. For example:
As a result, I decided to study hard.
In this example, the phrase as a result is placed at the beginning of the clause I decided to study hard.
The following table summarizes the most commonly used positions for the four different types of adverb discussed above.
Type of Adverb Most commonly used Position in Clause
Adverb of frequency Middle position
Adverb of time End position, following adverbs of manner and location
Adverb of manner End position, preceding other adverbs
Connecting adverb Beginning position
See Exercise 3.
e. Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose
Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose answer the question Why? This question is usually answered by a phrase or clause, rather than by a single-word adverb. In the following examples, the adverb phrases and clauses of purpose are underlined.
Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose usually occupy the end position of a clause, and follow any other adverbs, or adverb phrases or clauses.
e.g. I went to the store yesterday to buy a coat.
I need to buy a new coat soon because my old one is worn out.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to buy a coat occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time yesterday. In the second example, the adverb clause of purpose because my old one is worn out occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time soon.
Adverb phrases or clauses of purpose are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis.
e.g. To reach the airport on time, we had to complete the trip in two hours.
Because it was such a beautiful day, I decided to go for a walk.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to reach the airport on time is placed at the beginning of the clause we had to complete the trip in two hours. In the second example, the adverb clause because it was such a beautiful day is placed at the beginning of the clause I decided to go for a walk.
f. Adverbs of location
Adverbs of location answer the question Where?
Adverbs of location, and adverb phrases and clauses of location, most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose. In the following examples, the adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are underlined.
e.g. I am going there tomorrow.
He left his bicycle in the driveway last night.
I know the office where she works.
In the first example, the adverb of location there follows the verb am going, and precedes the adverb of time tomorrow. In the second example, the adverb phrase of location in the driveway follows the object bicycle of the verb left, and precedes the adverb phrase of time last night. In the third example, the adverb clause of location where she works follows the object office of the verb know.
It should be noted that the position of adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location relative to other types of adverb is affected by whether or not the verb being modified is a verb of motion.
A verb of motion is a verb which describes some type of movement. The verbs come, go, arrive, leave, walk, run and fly are examples of verbs of motion.
If the verb of a clause is not a verb of motion, the most usual order of the different types of adverb in the end position of a clause is as follows:
Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Location
Adverb of Time
Adverb of Purpose
The following example illustrates this order:
We waited patiently outside the theater all afternoon to buy tickets.
Type of Phrase: Manner Location Time Purpose
See Exercise 4.
The order may be varied if it is desired to emphasize one of the adverb phrases. For instance, the adverb phrase of time all afternoon could be given more emphasis by placing it immediately after the adverb patiently, as follows:
We waited patiently all afternoon outside the theater to buy tickets.
When the verb of a clause is a verb of motion, any adverb of location, or adverb phrase or clause of location, is usually placed immediately after the verb. The following table compares the position of adverbs following verbs of motion with the position of adverbs following other verbs.
The most usual Position of Adverbs following a Verb
Order of Adverbs following Order of Adverbs following a Verb
a Verb of Motion which is not a Verb of Motion
Adverb of Location Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Location
Adverb of Time Adverb of Time
Adverb of Purpose Adverb of Purpose
It can be seen that the order of the adverbs following the two types of verb is the same except for the relative order of the adverb of location and the adverb of manner.
The following example illustrates the most usual order of the four different types of adverb phrase following a verb of motion:
I will go to the library by bus tomorrow to return the book.
Type of Phrase: Location Manner Time Purpose
See Exercise 5.
Adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis.
e.g. Here, the glacier deposited soil and rocks.
On the way to school, she saw a robin building its nest.
Wherever I look, I see signs of spring.
In these examples, the adverb here, the adverb phrase on the way to school and the adverb clause wherever I look are each placed at the beginning of a clause.
Adverbs of location usually cannot be placed in the middle position of a clause.
i. Here and There
The words here and there, indicating location, are often used at the beginning of a clause, followed by the verb to be.
In this construction, if the subject of the verb is a noun, the subject follows the verb.
e.g. Here are the tickets.
There was our bus.
In these examples, the noun subjects tickets and bus follow the verbs are and was.
However, if the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject precedes the verb.
e.g. Here they are.
There it was.
In these examples, the personal pronoun subjects they and it precede the verbs are and was.
When the subject follows the verb, care must be taken to make sure that the verb agrees with its subject.
e.g. Here is one of the examples.
There are his aunt and uncle.
In the first example, the verb is is singular to agree with the singular subject one. In the second example, the verb are is plural to agree with the plural subject his aunt and uncle.
See Exercise 6.
ii. There used as an introductory word
In addition to being used to indicate location, there can also be used as an introductory word, in clauses indicating the existence of something. There as an introductory word is often used with verbs such as to be, to appear and to seem. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined.
e.g. There is a public holiday on Monday.
There are three universities in the city.
There seem to be two possible answers to this question.
In affirmative statements using this construction, the subject follows the verb. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined.
e.g. There are only twenty-four hours in a day.
There seems to be a message for you.
In the first example, the verb are is plural, to agree with the plural subject hours. In the second example, the verb seems is singular, to agree with the singular subject message.
In questions using this construction, there follows the verb in the case of the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be; otherwise, there follows the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined.
e.g. Is there a post office near here?
Were there many people on the train?
Can there be any doubt about it?
Do there seem to be any maple trees in this forest?
In the first two examples, there follows is and were, the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to be. In the last two examples, there follows the first auxiliaries can and do.
iii. Inverted word order
When used with a verb of motion, an adverb or adverb phrase of location may be placed at the beginning of a clause, followed immediately by the verb, followed by the noun subject of the verb. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.
adverb phrase verb of noun
of location + motion + subject
Up the hill trundled the train.
Here come our friends.
If the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject must precede the verb, as illustrated below:
adverb phrase pronoun verb of
of location + subject + motion
Up the hill it trundled.
Here they come.
See Exercise 7.
g. Negative adverbs
Negative adverbs include adverbs with an explicit negative meaning, such as never, not and nowhere, as well as adverbs with an implied negative meaning, such as hardly, scarcely and seldom.
i. Double negatives
In modern English, there is a rule that a clause containing one negative word expresses a negative meaning, but a clause containing two negative words expressed an affirmative meaning. In the case of a clause with two negative words, it is considered that one of these words negates the other, so that an affirmative meaning results. The presence of two negative words in a clause is referred to as a double negative.
In some dialects of English, clauses containing two negative words may be used to express a negative meaning.
e.g. I'm not saying nothing about it.
He never told nobody the secret.
However, this use of the double negative is considered to be grammatically incorrect in standard English.
For each of the above examples, the double negative can be eliminated by omitting or altering one of the negative words. Thus, the meaning of the first example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences:
I'm saying nothing about it. or
I'm not saying anything about it.
Similarly, the meaning of the second example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences:
He told nobody the secret. or
He never told anybody the secret.
See Exercise 8.
ii. Inverted word order
If a clause begins with a negative adverb, inverted word order must usually be used, with the subject following the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present or Simple Past of any verb other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.
Simple form of
negative adverb + verb to be or + subject
or adverb phrase first auxiliary
Never before was I so eager to reach home.
Little did we think we would meet again.
Seldom had they tasted such a delicacy.
Following are other examples of this type of construction. The negative adverbs and adverb phrases are printed in bold type, and the subjects of the verbs are underlined.
e.g. Seldom was he at a loss for words.
Scarcely had we left the house, when it began to rain.
Not for many years was the true story known.
No sooner did the bell ring than the children ran out of the school.
In the first example, the subject he follows was, the Simple Past of the verb to be. In the succeeding examples, the subjects we, story and bell follow the auxiliaries had, was and did, respectively.
See Exercise 9.
In this type of inverted construction, if there is used as an introductory word, there follows the Simple Past or Simple Present of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary.
e.g. Seldom were there more than five ducks on the pond.
Rarely had there been more swans on the lake than there were that day.
In the first example, there follows were, the Simple Past of the verb to be. In the second example, there follows the auxiliary had, of the verb had been.
It should be noted that the expression so ... that can also be used with inverted word order.
e.g. So exhausted were we that we fell asleep at the table.
In this example, the subject we follows the verb were.
3. Interrogative adverbs
The adverbs how, when, where and why can be used as interrogative adverbs at the beginning of direct questions. The interrogative adverbs in the following direct questions are printed in bold type.
e.g. How are you?
When is he coming?
Where were you?
Why did you say that?
As shown in these examples, inverted word order must be used, with the subject following the Simple Past or Simple Present of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary t
AFTER Vs AFTERWARDS
:
AFTER Vs AFTERWARDS
AFTER introduces a subordinate clause. It makes no sense by itself:
If you say to somebody:
After we left the cinema
that person is still waiting for you to finish the sentence. And to finish the sentence you need to
put an independent clause. So you will perhaps say:
After we left the cinema WE WENT FOR A MEAL
That's the sentence complete.
AFTERWARDS is an isolated adverb and doesn't play a key part in grammar structure.
AFTERWARDS refers to an already spoken or understood action:
We left the cinema. AFTERWARDS we went for a meal
AFTERWARDS has the same meaning as LATER or SUBSEQUENTLY or THEN
:
A GARBAGE CAN vs A DUSTBIN
What's the difference between GARBAGE CAN and DUSTBIN?
There is no difference. They mean the same, it's the container, usually of plastic, in which you place your domestic rubbish and put it in the street for collection by the local council authorities.
It's just that in North America they say GARBAGE CAN and in Britain they say DUSTBIN.
Pssst! Do you know that some English people, especially in the South East, below London, are extremely protective about their dustbins and they even put their name on it, for ex. DUSTBIN HOFFMAN.
That's all for today, folks!
Seeya,
A PUB
:
A PUB
is an abbreviation of the expression PUBLIC HOUSE.
A PUBLIC HOUSE is a premises (an establishment, a place) into which anybody can enter and consume alcohol.
Of course they have to pay, it's a business. The most famous pub in the world is Murphys' Pub in Salou, Spain.
So a public house is a .... a PUB!!
Seeya,
Active Voice
:
Active Voice
Definition: English verbs can be in either the Active or the Passive Voice. Voice shows the relationship between the verb and the noun phrases. In a sentence in the active, the person or thing that performed the action is the Subject of the Verb.
example: They built that skyscraper in 1934.
In a sentence in the Passive the Object of the active sentence is used as the subject of the verb.
example: That skyscraper was built in 1934.
Palabra(s) clave: Active Voice
ACTUALLY vs AT PRESENT
:
ACTUALLY vs AT PRESENT
Many foreign students think that Actually means "now". But they are wrong!
ACTUALLY means really or in fact. But if we want to say NOW, we must say AT THE MOMENT, AT PRESENT or simply NOW.
Look:
Mary: Would you like a coffee, Johnny Boy?
Johnny: No, Mary, actually/in fact/really I'd prefer a whiskey. Could I have a double... two ice
Mary: Sorry Johnny, but at present/at this moment/now I have no whiskey but i have some lovely ice.
Johnny: All right then, give me a glass of milk, Mary girl, no ice
Be careful, student. Actually is a false friend. It is not what it seems.
C U
Adjective
:
Definition:
An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
Adjective Placement
:
Adjectives
Definition - Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That is a cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
When using more than one adjective to describe a noun place the adjectives in the following order before the noun.
NOTE: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun.
1.Opinion
Example: an interesting book, a boring lecture
2.Dimension
Example: a big apple, a thin wallet
3.Age
Example: a new car, a modern building, an ancient ruin
4.Shape
Example: a square box, an oval mask, a round ball
5.Color
Example: a pink hat, a blue book, a black coat
6.Origin
Example: some Italian shoes, a Canadian town, an American car
7.Material
Example: a wooden box, a woolen sweater, a plastic toy
Here are some examples of nouns modified with three adjectives in the correct order based on the list above. Notice that the adjectives are not separated by commas.
•A wonderful old Italian clock. (opinion - age - origin)
•A big square blue box. (dimension - shape - color)
•A disgusting pink plastic ornament. (opinion - color - material)
•Some slim new French trousers. (dimension - age - origin)
Adjectives referring to classes of people
:
Adjectives referring to classes of people
Adjectives : It is group of people as a class. In this case, they are always plural and refer to all members of a class:
such as rich and poor can be used as nouns with the in order to refer to athe young and the elderly who suffer most when in a natural disaster. The word PEOPLE is understood: the elderly (people); the self-employed (people).
A plural form of the verb must be used!
The blind attend special schools.
The poor do not own their own homes.
The rich often married for money.
Only the dead can be resurrected. It's more difficult with the living.
In these examples, the blind has the meaning of blind people, the poor has the meaning of poor people, the rich has the meaning of rich people, the dead means dead people and the living means living people.
Palabra(s) clave: Adjectives referring to classes of people
Adverbs of Frequency
:
Adverbs of Frequency
English Grammar Notes
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.
These are called adverbs of frequency and include:
Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence
100% always I always go to bed before 11pm.
90% usually I usually walk to work.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% seldom / rarely I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% never I never swim in the sea.
* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.
The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence
An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).
Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.
When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb
She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.
We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:
Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally
•Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.
BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:
Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:
•She hardly ever comes to my parties.
•They never say 'thank you'.
We use ever in questions and negative statements:
•Have you ever been to New Zealand?
•I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every other week
ADVERBS: POSITION IN A SENTENCE
:
CHAPTER 24. ADVERBS: POSITION IN A SENTENCE
Words which are used to modify verbs or adjectives are usually referred to as adverbs. For instance, the adverbs in the following sentences are printed in bold type, and the words they modify are underlined.
e.g. I often visit the library.
It is surprisingly hot today.
In the first example, the adverb often modifies the verb visit. In the second example, the adverb surprisingly modifies the adjective hot.
Words which are used to modify adverbs can also be referred to as adverbs.
e.g. The train travels very quickly.
In this example, the adverb very modifies the adverb quickly.
1. Adverbs which modify adjectives and other adverbs
Adverbs which modify adjectives or other adverbs usually immediately precede the words they modify.
e.g. The package is extremely large.
We experienced relatively few difficulties.
Buses depart quite regularly.
In these examples, the underlined adverbs immediately precede the words they modify. Extremely modifies the adjective large, relatively modifies the adjective few, and quite modifies the adverb regularly.
The adverbs ago and enough are exceptional, since they usually follow the adjectives or adverbs they modify.
e.g. That happened long ago.
He is old enough to make his own decisions.
We ran fast enough to catch the bus.
In these examples, the adverbs ago and enough follow the words they modify. Ago modifies the adverb long, and enough modifies the adjective old and the adverb fast.
It should be noted that in modern English, when enough is used as an adjective modifying a noun, it precedes the noun. For instance, in the following example, the adjective enough precedes the noun apples.
e.g. Do we have enough apples to make a pie?
However, when ago is used with a noun, it follows the noun. For instance, in the following example, ago follows the noun months.
e.g. That happened six months ago.
The reason for this may be found in the history of the word. Ago, formerly spelled agone, was originally a past participle.
a. Intensifiers
An adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used to modify verbs, can be referred to as an intensifier. In the following examples, the intensifiers are printed in bold type.
e.g. I am very happy.
The film was quite good.
You did that rather well.
Must you leave so soon?
In these examples, very modifies the adjective happy, quite modifies the adjective good, rather modifies the adverb well, and so modifies the adverb soon.
The following words are commonly used as intensifiers:
fairly
quite
rather
so
too
very
In addition, the word really is often used as an intensifier in informal English.
e.g. The film was really good.
You did that really well.
2. Adverbs which modify verbs
The following table gives examples of six different types of adverb which can be used to modify verbs.
Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Connecting Negative
Frequency Manner Location Time Adverbs Adverbs
always carefully ahead again also barely
ever correctly back early consequently hardly
frequently eagerly forward late furthermore little
generally easily here now hence never
never fast high sometime however not
often loudly low then moreover nowhere
rarely patiently near today nevertheless rarely
seldom quickly outside tomorrow otherwise scarcely
sometimes quietly somewhere tonight therefore seldom
usually well there yesterday thus
a. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency answer the question How often?
An adverb which modifies a verb may occupy one of three main positions in a clause. These positions may be referred to as the beginning position, the middle position, and the end position. Adverbs of frequency may occupy any of these positions. In the following examples, the adverbs of frequency are printed in bold type.
An adverb in the beginning position is located at the beginning of a clause. For example:
Often the wind blows less strongly at night.
In this example, the adverb of frequency often is located at the beginning of the clause.
Most adverbs can occupy the beginning position in a clause. The use of this position tends to emphasize the adverb.
An adverb in the end position occurs after an intransitive verb, or after the direct object of a transitive verb.
e.g. He speaks seldom.
I visit her frequently.
In the first example, seldom follows the intransitive verb speaks. In the second example, frequently follows the direct object her of the transitive verb visit.
Usually only one adverb at a time can occupy the beginning position or the middle position in a clause. However, more than one adverb at a time can occupy the end position in a clause.
When more than one adverb occurs in the end position, the different types of adverb are usually placed in a certain order. For instance, in the end position, adverbs of frequency usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location, and precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose.
Adverbs of frequency which consist of single words most often occupy the middle position of a clause. The location of adverbs in the middle position varies depending on the type of verb used. Adverbs in the middle position occupy the locations indicated below:
1) They follow the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to be.
2) They precede the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be.
3) They follow the first auxiliary, in tenses which have auxiliaries.
4) They precede the first auxiliary, or the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be, in short answers.
The following examples illustrate the use of adverbs of frequency in the middle position of a clause. The relevant verbs are underlined.
1) We are always on time.
2) He rarely makes a mistake.
3) I have often wondered about that.
4) Have you seen this movie before? No, I never have.
In the preceding examples, always follows are, the Simple Present of the verb to be; rarely precedes makes, the Simple Present of a verb other than the verb to be; often follows the first auxiliary have of the verb have wondered; and never precedes the auxiliary have in the short answer I never have.
See Exercise 1.
In negative statements, and negative questions with not, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the word not.
e.g. Negative Statement: They do not often miss the bus.
Question with Not: Does he not usually know the answers?
In these examples, the adverbs often and usually follow the word not.
In affirmative questions, and negative questions with n't, adverbs in the middle position of a clause usually follow the subject of the clause. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined.
e.g. Affirmative Question: Is it always this cold in February?
Question with n't: Doesn't he usually know the answers?
In the first example, the adverb always follows the subject it. In the second example, the adverb usually follows the subject he.
It should be noted that the adverbs daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and annually usually do not occupy the middle position of a clause.
See Exercise 2.
Verbs may be modified not only by single-word adverbs, but also by adverb phrases and clauses. Like adverbs of frequency, adverb phrases and clauses of frequency answer the question How often?
Adverb phrases and clauses of frequency usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause.
e.g. Once in a while, I like to try something new.
We visited the museum as often as we could.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of frequency once in a while occupies the beginning position of the clause I like to try something new. In the second example, the adverb clause of frequency as often as we could occupies the end position of the clause We visited the museum.
It should be noted that except in the case of commonly used adverbs such as now, then , today, tomorrow, sometimes, usually, maybe and perhaps, adverbs and adverb phrases at the beginning of a clause must usually be followed by commas. In the following examples, the commas are underlined.
e.g. Unfortunately, it began to rain.
As often as possible, we went outside for a walk.
b. Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time answer the question When?
Adverbs of time usually occupy either the beginning position or the end position of a clause. In the following examples, the adverbs of time are printed in bold type.
e.g. Today I will go to the library.
I will go to the post office tomorrow.
In the first example, today occupies the beginning position of a clause. In the second example, tomorrow occupies the end position of a clause.
In the end position, adverbs of time usually follow adverbs of manner and adverbs of location.
With a few exceptions, such as now, then and once, most adverbs of time may not occupy the middle position of a clause.
The adverbs now, then and once may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. For instance, in the following examples, now occupies the first position, the middle position, and the end position of a clause.
e.g. Now it is time to leave.
It is now time to leave.
It is time to leave now.
It should be noted that sometimes is an adverb of frequency, whereas sometime is an adverb of time.
e.g. I sometimes see him in the park.
I would like to read that book sometime.
In the first example, the adverb of frequency sometimes occupies the middle position of a clause. In the second example, the adverb of time sometime occupies the end position of a clause.
Adverb phrases and clauses of time usually occupy either the beginning or end position of a clause.
e.g. At nine o'clock, the train will leave.
I will call you when I am ready.
In the first example, the adverb phrase at nine o'clock occupies the beginning position of the clause the train will leave. In the second example, the adverb clause when I am ready occupies the end position of the clause I will call you.
c. Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner answer the question How? Many adverbs of manner have the ending ly. The formation and use of adverbs of manner will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
Adverbs of manner most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they follow an intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb.
e.g. We waited patiently for the play to begin.
I sold the strawberries quickly.
In the first example, the adverb of manner patiently follows the intransitive verb waited. In the second example, the adverb of manner quickly follows the direct object strawberries of the transitive verb sold.
An adverb of manner may be placed at the beginning of a clause, in order to emphasize the idea expressed by the adverb.
e.g. Patiently, we waited for the show to begin.
Quickly, I sold the strawberries.
In these examples, the ideas expressed by patiently and quickly are emphasized.
Adverbs of manner are often placed in the middle position of a clause, particularly when the clause contains no adverb of frequency.
e.g. I slowly opened the door.
I have carefully considered all of the possibilities.
In the first example, the adverb of manner slowly precedes opened, a verb in the Simple Past. In the second example, the adverb of manner carefully follows the auxiliary have of the verb have considered.
In informal English, adverbs of manner are often placed immediately after the word to of an infinitive. When this is done, the infinitive is referred to as a split infinitive.
e.g. I wanted to carefully consider the situation.
In this example, the infinitive to consider is split by the adverb carefully.
However, in formal English, it is considered preferable not to use split infinitives. In formal English, the above example could be written:
I wanted to consider the situation carefully.
Adverb phrases and clauses of manner usually occupy the end position of a clause.
e.g. We arrived on foot.
We finished the work as quickly as we could.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of manner on foot follows the intransitive verb arrived. In the second example, the adverb clause of manner as quickly as we could follows the direct object work of the transitive verb finished.
Adverb phrases and clauses of manner are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis. For example:
As quickly as we could, we finished the work.
In this example, the adverb clause as quickly as we could is emphasized.
d. Connecting adverbs
Adverbs such as however, nevertheless and therefore are often used to connect the ideas expressed by the clauses in which they occur to ideas expressed in previous clauses. In the following examples, the connecting adverbs are printed in bold type.
Connecting adverbs are often placed at the beginning of a clause.
e.g. I would like to go skiing. However, I have too much work to do.
She was very busy; nevertheless, she found time to go swimming.
In the first example, the adverb however, which occurs at the beginning of the clause I have too much work to do, connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, I would like to go skiing. In the second example, the adverb nevertheless, which occurs at the beginning of the clause she found time to go swimming, connects the idea expressed in this clause with the idea expressed in the previous clause, she was very busy.
Many connecting adverbs may be placed in the middle position of a clause. This is often done when the clause contains no adverb of frequency.
e.g. I am, nevertheless, anxious to continue.
We thus had no difficulty finding the motel.
We have, therefore, decided to do it.
In the first example, nevertheless follows am, the Simple Present of the verb to be. In the second example, thus precedes had, the Simple Past of a verb other than the verb to be. In the third example, therefore follows the auxiliary have of the verb have decided.
The adverb however may occupy any of the three positions in a clause. As illustrated in the following examples, a connecting adverb is usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.
e.g. However, it has stopped snowing.
It has, however, stopped snowing.
It has stopped snowing, however.
It should be noted that the adverb instead is often placed at the end of a clause.
e.g. Because there was no meat, I bought fish instead.
Connecting adverb phrases are most often placed at the beginning of a clause. For example:
As a result, I decided to study hard.
In this example, the phrase as a result is placed at the beginning of the clause I decided to study hard.
The following table summarizes the most commonly used positions for the four different types of adverb discussed above.
Type of Adverb Most commonly used Position in Clause
Adverb of frequency Middle position
Adverb of time End position, following adverbs of manner and location
Adverb of manner End position, preceding other adverbs
Connecting adverb Beginning position
See Exercise 3.
e. Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose
Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose answer the question Why? This question is usually answered by a phrase or clause, rather than by a single-word adverb. In the following examples, the adverb phrases and clauses of purpose are underlined.
Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose usually occupy the end position of a clause, and follow any other adverbs, or adverb phrases or clauses.
e.g. I went to the store yesterday to buy a coat.
I need to buy a new coat soon because my old one is worn out.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to buy a coat occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time yesterday. In the second example, the adverb clause of purpose because my old one is worn out occupies the end position of a clause, following the adverb of time soon.
Adverb phrases or clauses of purpose are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis.
e.g. To reach the airport on time, we had to complete the trip in two hours.
Because it was such a beautiful day, I decided to go for a walk.
In the first example, the adverb phrase of purpose to reach the airport on time is placed at the beginning of the clause we had to complete the trip in two hours. In the second example, the adverb clause because it was such a beautiful day is placed at the beginning of the clause I decided to go for a walk.
f. Adverbs of location
Adverbs of location answer the question Where?
Adverbs of location, and adverb phrases and clauses of location, most often occupy the end position of a clause, where they precede adverbs of time and adverbs of purpose. In the following examples, the adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are underlined.
e.g. I am going there tomorrow.
He left his bicycle in the driveway last night.
I know the office where she works.
In the first example, the adverb of location there follows the verb am going, and precedes the adverb of time tomorrow. In the second example, the adverb phrase of location in the driveway follows the object bicycle of the verb left, and precedes the adverb phrase of time last night. In the third example, the adverb clause of location where she works follows the object office of the verb know.
It should be noted that the position of adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location relative to other types of adverb is affected by whether or not the verb being modified is a verb of motion.
A verb of motion is a verb which describes some type of movement. The verbs come, go, arrive, leave, walk, run and fly are examples of verbs of motion.
If the verb of a clause is not a verb of motion, the most usual order of the different types of adverb in the end position of a clause is as follows:
Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Location
Adverb of Time
Adverb of Purpose
The following example illustrates this order:
We waited patiently outside the theater all afternoon to buy tickets.
Type of Phrase: Manner Location Time Purpose
See Exercise 4.
The order may be varied if it is desired to emphasize one of the adverb phrases. For instance, the adverb phrase of time all afternoon could be given more emphasis by placing it immediately after the adverb patiently, as follows:
We waited patiently all afternoon outside the theater to buy tickets.
When the verb of a clause is a verb of motion, any adverb of location, or adverb phrase or clause of location, is usually placed immediately after the verb. The following table compares the position of adverbs following verbs of motion with the position of adverbs following other verbs.
The most usual Position of Adverbs following a Verb
Order of Adverbs following Order of Adverbs following a Verb
a Verb of Motion which is not a Verb of Motion
Adverb of Location Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Location
Adverb of Time Adverb of Time
Adverb of Purpose Adverb of Purpose
It can be seen that the order of the adverbs following the two types of verb is the same except for the relative order of the adverb of location and the adverb of manner.
The following example illustrates the most usual order of the four different types of adverb phrase following a verb of motion:
I will go to the library by bus tomorrow to return the book.
Type of Phrase: Location Manner Time Purpose
See Exercise 5.
Adverbs and adverb phrases and clauses of location are sometimes placed at the beginning of a clause, for emphasis.
e.g. Here, the glacier deposited soil and rocks.
On the way to school, she saw a robin building its nest.
Wherever I look, I see signs of spring.
In these examples, the adverb here, the adverb phrase on the way to school and the adverb clause wherever I look are each placed at the beginning of a clause.
Adverbs of location usually cannot be placed in the middle position of a clause.
i. Here and There
The words here and there, indicating location, are often used at the beginning of a clause, followed by the verb to be.
In this construction, if the subject of the verb is a noun, the subject follows the verb.
e.g. Here are the tickets.
There was our bus.
In these examples, the noun subjects tickets and bus follow the verbs are and was.
However, if the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject precedes the verb.
e.g. Here they are.
There it was.
In these examples, the personal pronoun subjects they and it precede the verbs are and was.
When the subject follows the verb, care must be taken to make sure that the verb agrees with its subject.
e.g. Here is one of the examples.
There are his aunt and uncle.
In the first example, the verb is is singular to agree with the singular subject one. In the second example, the verb are is plural to agree with the plural subject his aunt and uncle.
See Exercise 6.
ii. There used as an introductory word
In addition to being used to indicate location, there can also be used as an introductory word, in clauses indicating the existence of something. There as an introductory word is often used with verbs such as to be, to appear and to seem. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined.
e.g. There is a public holiday on Monday.
There are three universities in the city.
There seem to be two possible answers to this question.
In affirmative statements using this construction, the subject follows the verb. In the following examples, the subjects are underlined.
e.g. There are only twenty-four hours in a day.
There seems to be a message for you.
In the first example, the verb are is plural, to agree with the plural subject hours. In the second example, the verb seems is singular, to agree with the singular subject message.
In questions using this construction, there follows the verb in the case of the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be; otherwise, there follows the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined.
e.g. Is there a post office near here?
Were there many people on the train?
Can there be any doubt about it?
Do there seem to be any maple trees in this forest?
In the first two examples, there follows is and were, the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to be. In the last two examples, there follows the first auxiliaries can and do.
iii. Inverted word order
When used with a verb of motion, an adverb or adverb phrase of location may be placed at the beginning of a clause, followed immediately by the verb, followed by the noun subject of the verb. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.
adverb phrase verb of noun
of location + motion + subject
Up the hill trundled the train.
Here come our friends.
If the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, the subject must precede the verb, as illustrated below:
adverb phrase pronoun verb of
of location + subject + motion
Up the hill it trundled.
Here they come.
See Exercise 7.
g. Negative adverbs
Negative adverbs include adverbs with an explicit negative meaning, such as never, not and nowhere, as well as adverbs with an implied negative meaning, such as hardly, scarcely and seldom.
i. Double negatives
In modern English, there is a rule that a clause containing one negative word expresses a negative meaning, but a clause containing two negative words expressed an affirmative meaning. In the case of a clause with two negative words, it is considered that one of these words negates the other, so that an affirmative meaning results. The presence of two negative words in a clause is referred to as a double negative.
In some dialects of English, clauses containing two negative words may be used to express a negative meaning.
e.g. I'm not saying nothing about it.
He never told nobody the secret.
However, this use of the double negative is considered to be grammatically incorrect in standard English.
For each of the above examples, the double negative can be eliminated by omitting or altering one of the negative words. Thus, the meaning of the first example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences:
I'm saying nothing about it. or
I'm not saying anything about it.
Similarly, the meaning of the second example could be correctly expressed by either of the following sentences:
He told nobody the secret. or
He never told anybody the secret.
See Exercise 8.
ii. Inverted word order
If a clause begins with a negative adverb, inverted word order must usually be used, with the subject following the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present or Simple Past of any verb other than the verb to be, the auxiliary to do must be used. This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.
Simple form of
negative adverb + verb to be or + subject
or adverb phrase first auxiliary
Never before was I so eager to reach home.
Little did we think we would meet again.
Seldom had they tasted such a delicacy.
Following are other examples of this type of construction. The negative adverbs and adverb phrases are printed in bold type, and the subjects of the verbs are underlined.
e.g. Seldom was he at a loss for words.
Scarcely had we left the house, when it began to rain.
Not for many years was the true story known.
No sooner did the bell ring than the children ran out of the school.
In the first example, the subject he follows was, the Simple Past of the verb to be. In the succeeding examples, the subjects we, story and bell follow the auxiliaries had, was and did, respectively.
See Exercise 9.
In this type of inverted construction, if there is used as an introductory word, there follows the Simple Past or Simple Present of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary.
e.g. Seldom were there more than five ducks on the pond.
Rarely had there been more swans on the lake than there were that day.
In the first example, there follows were, the Simple Past of the verb to be. In the second example, there follows the auxiliary had, of the verb had been.
It should be noted that the expression so ... that can also be used with inverted word order.
e.g. So exhausted were we that we fell asleep at the table.
In this example, the subject we follows the verb were.
3. Interrogative adverbs
The adverbs how, when, where and why can be used as interrogative adverbs at the beginning of direct questions. The interrogative adverbs in the following direct questions are printed in bold type.
e.g. How are you?
When is he coming?
Where were you?
Why did you say that?
As shown in these examples, inverted word order must be used, with the subject following the Simple Past or Simple Present of the verb to be, or the first auxiliary. In the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of verbs other than the verb to be, the auxiliary t
AFTER Vs AFTERWARDS
:
AFTER Vs AFTERWARDS
AFTER introduces a subordinate clause. It makes no sense by itself:
If you say to somebody:
After we left the cinema
that person is still waiting for you to finish the sentence. And to finish the sentence you need to
put an independent clause. So you will perhaps say:
After we left the cinema WE WENT FOR A MEAL
That's the sentence complete.
AFTERWARDS is an isolated adverb and doesn't play a key part in grammar structure.
AFTERWARDS refers to an already spoken or understood action:
We left the cinema. AFTERWARDS we went for a meal
AFTERWARDS has the same meaning as LATER or SUBSEQUENTLY or THEN
IELTS EXAMS PREPARATION
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Parts of an Essay
Essays, like sandwiches or burgers, are divided into different parts. These parts are the: (move your mouse over the picture...)
•Introduction
•Body
•Conclusion
Introduction
The Introduction opens the essay. It is a short paragraph - usually about THREE sentences.
In an argument essay, it usually describes or summarizes both sides of the present situation and says what you are going to do in your essay.
Body
The Body is the main part of the essay. In an argument essay, it is divided into two or three paragraphs, giving your opinion and reasons.
Each paragraph in the body is between FIVE and SEVEN sentences long.
Conclusion
The Conclusion is the end of the essay. It is a short paragraph - about THREE sentences. It often has the same idea as the Introduction, only in different words.
Some people think of the essay as a sandwich. The Introduction and Conclusion are the bread, and the Body is the filling in the center.
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English connectors > Spanish connectors
Here, you will find a verified glossary of translated phrases and words in English and Spanish. To see the list of connectors from Spanish to English, click on the link on the right.
Español > Inglés
above > sobre
above all > ante todo
above all > en primer término
above all > sobre todo
absolutely > completamente
absolutely > completamente de acuerdo
absolutely > desde todo punto de vista
according to how things are > según estén las cosas
according to the book > con todas las reglas del arte
according to the book > en regla
according to the book > según los cánones
according to the book > teóricamente
accordingly > consecuentemente
accordingly > en consecuencia
actually > a decir verdad
actually > con efecto
actually > de hecho
adjacent to > junto a
admittedly > por cierto
after > después
after > tras
after a fashion > después de un tiempo
after a fashion > en cierto modo
after a fashion > hasta cierto punto
after a fashion > más o menos
after a few hours > tras unas cuantas horas
after a few hours > unas cuantas horas después
after all > a fin de cuentas
after all > al final
after all > con todo
after all > después de todo
after all > en fin de cuentas
after all is said and done > a la postre
after all is said and done > al fin y al cabo
after all is said and done > al final de las cuentas
after mature consideration > después de largas deliberaciones
after mature consideration > después de meditarlo
after mature consideration > después de pensarlo bien
after mature consideration > tras meditarlo
after mature consideration > tras pensarlo bien
after this > después de esto
afterwards > después
again > nuevamente
again and again > repetidas veces
again and again > una y otra vez
against my will > a pesar mío
against my will > contra mi voluntad
against ones better judgement > contra su propia convicción
against ones better judgement > muy a mi pesar
all at once > de pronto
all in all > con todo
all in all > considerándolo todo
all in all > resumiendo
all of a sudden > de golpe
all the same > a pesar de todo
all the same > de todos modos
all the same > sin embargo
all things considered > a fin de cuentas
all things considered > considerándolo bien
all told > en su totalidad
almost > casi
almost > por poco
along these lines > de esta manera
along these lines > en este sentido
also > también
although > aunque
although this may be > aunque esto pueda ser
although this may be true > aunque sea cierto
although this may be true > aunque sea verdad
always > siempre
and especially > más que todo
and especially > y especialmente
and especially > y más que todo
and for the record > y para que conste
and for the record > y para que quede claro
and on top of that > por si fuera poco
and so > en total
and so > y así
and so forth > y así sucesivamente
and then > y luego
and to top it all > por si fuera poco
and to top it all > y para colmo
and to top it all > y por si fuera poco
and yet > así y todo
and yet > y sin embargo
any old how > sin orden ni concierto
anyhow > en todo caso
anyhow > sea lo que fuere
anyway > de todos modos
anyway > en todo caso
anyway > por de pronto
anyway > sea lo que fuere
anyway > sea o no sea
anyway you look at it > a todas luces
apart from this > aparte de esto
apparently > a lo que parece
apparently > al parecer
apparently > aparentemente
apparently > por lo visto
approximately > en líneas generales
as > a medida que
as > así
as a case in point > como ejemplo concreto
as a general rule > en general
as a general rule > en términos generales
as a last resort > como último recurso
as a last resort > en última instancia
as a last resort > en último caso
as a last resort > en último término
as a matter of course > por supuesto
as a matter of fact > a decir verdad
as a matter of fact > con efecto
as a matter of fact > en efecto
as a matter of fact > en realidad
as a matter of form > por fórmula
as a result > como consecuencia
as a result > como resultado
as a result > con ese motivo
as a rule > en general
as a rule > por lo general
as a rule > por regla general
as a token of (my) thanks > en señal de agradecimiento
as a whole > en su conjunto
as a whole > en su totalidad
as an example > a manera de ejemplo
as an example > a título de ejemplo
as an example > como ejemplo
as an expression of thanks > en señal de agradecimiento
as an illustration > a manera de ejemplo
as an interim measure > como medida transitoria
as appropiate > cuando proceda
as appropriate > según corresponda
as appropriate > según procede
as appropriate > según sea el caso
as chance would have it > por casualidad
as circumstances may require > conforme sea necesario
as circumstances may require > según convenga
as early as 1930 > ya en 1930
as far as I am concerned > hasta donde sé
as far as I am concerned > por lo que a mí se refiere
as far as I can judge > hasta donde entiendo
as far as I can judge > por lo que se puede juzgar
as far as I know > hasta donde sé
as far as I know > que yo sepa
as far as I know > según parece
as far as one can see > hasta donde entiendo
as far as one can see > por lo visto
as far as practicable > en la medida de lo posible
as far as practicable > hasta donde sea posible
as far back as 1930 > ya en 1930
as far back as we can recall > hasta donde alcanza la memoria
as far in advance as possible > con la mayor antelación
as for that matter > en lo que a eso respecta
as for that matter > respecto a eso
as from July 15 > a partir del 15 de julio
as has been noted > como se ha señalado
as I have said > como mencioné
as I have shown > como se demuestra
as if by magic > como por arte de magia
as if by magic > como por encanto
as if it were of no importance > como quien no dice nada
as if it were of no importance > como si no fuera importante
as is only fair > como corresponde
as is only fair > como es debido
as is only fair > como es justo
as it is > tal como están las cosas
as it were > como quien dice
as it were > como si dijéramos
as it were > por decirlo así
as late as 1930 > aún en 1930
as late as 1930 > todavía en 1930
as late as this > a estas alturas
as late as this > incluso ahora
as luck would have it > por una coincidencia
as matters now stand > dentro del régimen actual
as matters now stand > según están las cosas
as may be best > según convenga
as of July 15 > el día 15 de julio
as scheduled > como se ha previsto
as soon as > tan pronto como
as soon as possible > a corto plazo
as soon as possible > a la mayor brevedad posible
as soon as possible > con la mayor brevedad
as soon as possible > cuanto antes
as soon as possible > lo antes posible
as soon as possible > lo más pronto posible
as stipulated > en la forma prevista
as stipulated > tal como se estipula
as the case may be > según lo requiera el caso
as the case may be > según sea el caso
as the case may require > según lo requiera el caso
as the case may require > según sea necesario
as the case requires > si fuera necesario
as the saying goes > como dice el dicho
as the saying goes > como se dice
as the years go by > al correr de los años
as the years go by > conforme pasa el tiempo
as the years go by > conforme pasan los años
as the years roll by > al correr de los años
as things are > tal como están las cosas
as things now stand > tal como están las cosas
as thought fit > para todo fin útil
as time goes by > andando el tiempo
as usual > por no variar
as well > también
as well as > así como
aside from this > dejando esto de lado
aside from this > por lo demás
at a glance > a simple vista
at a good time > en buen momento
at a later day > en fecha ulterior
at a rough estimate > a ojo de buen cubero
at a rough estimate > al ojo
at a stroke of the pen > de un plumazo
at a suitable time > en el momento adecuado
at a suitable time > en un momento oportuno
at all costs > a toda costa
at all costs > a todo trance
at all costs > como sea
at all costs > cueste lo que cueste
at all events > como sea
at all events > pase lo que pase
at all events > suceda lo que suceda
at an early date > dentro de poco
at an early date > en fecha próxima
at an unreasonable hour > a deshora
at an untimely moment > a deshora
at an untimely moment > a destiempo
at an unusual time > a deshora
at any moment > de un momento a otro
at any rate > de cualquier modo
at any rate > de todas formas
at any rate > de todos modos
at any rate > en todo caso
at best > en el mejor de los casos
at close range > de cerca
at first > a simple vista
at first > al pronto
at first blush > a primera vista
at first sight > a primera vista
at first sight > a simple vista
at full speed > a todo andar
at great expense > con mucho gasto
at heart > en el fondo
at intervals > de vez en cuando
at last > a la postre
at last > al fin
at last > finalmente
at last > por último
at least > por de pronto
at length > con detenimiento
at length > con todo detalle
at length > por extenso
at long last > al fin y al cabo
at long last > por fin
at most > a lo más
at most > a lo sumo
at most > como máximo
at most > cuanto así
at my expense > a mi costa
at odd moments > a ratos perdidos
at once > acto continuo
at once > de inmediato
at once > de una vez
at once > en el acto
at once > en seguida
at once > sin demora
at once > sin dilación
at one go > de una vez
at one stroke > de un golpe
at one stroke of the pen > de un plumazo
at one's own risk > por su cuenta y riesgo
at random > a la ventura
at random > al azar
at stake > en juego
at that time > a la sazón
at that time > por aquel entonces
at the beginning > al principio
at the behest of the committee > por encargo del comité
at the crossroads > en la encrucijada
at the earliest > a lo sumo
at the earliest possible date > con la mayor antelación
at the eleventh hour > a última hora
at the eleventh hour > en el último momento
at the end of 6 years > a la vuelta de 6 años
at the grassroots > a nivel popular (comunitario o local)
at the last minute > a última hora
at the last moment > a última hora
at the mercy of elements > a la intemperie
at the moment > por ahora
at the most > a lo más
at the most > a lo sumo
at the most > como máximo
at the most > como mucho
at the most > cuanto así
at the option of the Bureau > si la Oficina lo estimara conveniente
at the outset > al principio
at the outside > a lo sumo
at the outside > como máximo
at the outside > como mucho
at the outside > cuanto así
at the proper moment > a su tiempo
at the proper time > a su tiempo
at the proper time > en su día
at the right time > a propósito
at the right time > a su tiempo
at the right time > en buen momento
at the right time > en su debida oportunidad
at the same time > a la vez
at the same time > a un tiempo
at the same time > al mismo tiempo
at the start > al principio
at the time > a la sazón
at the very least > como mínimo indispensable
at the wrong time > en un mal momento
at the wrong time > fuera de tiempo
at this hour > a estas alturas
at this hour > para esta hora
at this juncture > en esta coyuntura
at this point > a estas alturas
at this point > al llegar a este punto
at this point > en este punto
at this point in time > en este momento
at this rate > a este tenor
at this stage > a estas alturas
at this stage > dada la situación
at this stage > en la actual coyuntura
at this stage > por ahora
at this stage > tal como están las cosas
at this time > para estos momentos
at this writing > en el momento de escribir estas líneas
at times > a veces
at worst > en el peor de los casos
at your convenience > como guste
at your convenience > como le sea posible
at your earliest convenience > con la mayor brevedad
at your earliest convenience > tan pronto como le sea posible
backwards > al revés
balanced against > confrontado con
bar none > sin excepción
barring unforeseen circumstances > salvo imprevistos
basically > en el fondo
be that as it may > sea lo que fuere
because > porque
because of > por
because of the wedding > con motivo de la boda
before > ante
before > antes
before all else > ante todo
before all else > antes que nada
before long > en breve
before this > antes de esto
before you > ante usted
before you do anything else > antes que nada
besides > aparte
besides > por lo demás
besides > por otra parte
besides > por otro lado
besides the point > fuera de propósito
between > entre
between the devil and the deep blue sea > entre la espada y la pared
beyond > más allá de
both (neither) > ambos (ninguno)
briefly > a grandes rasgos
briefly > en pocas palabras
briefly > en síntesis
briefly > en suma
broadly speaking > en general
broadly speaking > en sus grandes líneas
broadly speaking > en términos generales
but > ahora bien
but > pero
but > sino
by a long shot > con mucho
by a long way > con mucho
by all means > de todas maneras
by all means > de todos modos
by all means > sea como sea
by and large > en general
by and large > en todo respecto
by any standards > en modo alguno
by any standards > en ningún concepto
by chance > por casualidad
by common consent > de común acuerdo
by common consent > de consuno
by comparison > por comparación
by degree > poco a poco
by design > a propósito
by dint of hard work > a costa de mucho trabajo
by error > sin querer
by fair means or foul > por las buenas o por las malas
by far > con mucho
by fits and starts > a rachas
by guesswork > a ojo de buen cubero
by guesswork > al ojo
by heart > de memoria
by implication > por implicación
by nature > por naturaleza
by no means > de ninguna manera
by no means > en ningún caso
by no means > por ningún concepto
by no means whatsoever > de ningún modo
by rule of thumb > a ojo de buen cubero
by rule of thumb > al ojo
by rule of thumb > de modo empírico
by that time > para entonces
by that time > por entonces
by the book > según las reglas
by the by > a propósito
by the by > de paso
by the by > entre paréntesis
by the by > por cierto
by the same token > del mismo modo
by the same token > en el mismo orden de ideas
by the same token > por la misma razón
by the way > a propósito
by the way > de paso
by the way > entre paréntesis
by the way > por cierto
by way of example > a modo de ejemplo
by way of example > a título de ejemplo
by way of example > como ejemplo
by way of information > a título de información
ceaselessly > incansablemente
ceaselessly > sin cesar
certainly > ciertamente
certainly > de seguro
certainly > por cierto
chances are he won't come > lo más probable es que no venga
clearly > a todas luces
clearly > claramente
clearly > desde luego
clearly > en términos propios
come to think of it > en realidad
come to think of it > pensándolo bien
come to think of it > pensándolo mejor
compared to > comparado con
conclusively > en definitiva
concurrently > concurrentemente
consequently > consecuentemente
consequently > en consecuencia
consequently > en definitiva
continuously > a hecho
conversely > en cambio
conversely > por otro lado
correspondingly > por analogía
curiously enough > aunque parece extraño
curiously enough > por muy curioso que parezca
currently > actualmente
day in day out > a diario
day in day out > día tras día
decidedly > decididamente
decidedly > definitivamente
deep down > en el fondo
deep down > en su fuero interno
definitely > de todos modos
definitely > definitivamente
deliberately > ex profeso
depending on how things are > según estén las cosas
despite > a pesar de
despite everything > a pesar de todo
down through history > en el devenir histórico
during > durante
earlier > antes
entirely > desde todo punto de vista
equally > por igual
equally important > igualmente importante
essentially > en esencia
etcetera > etcétera
etcetera > y lo demás
eternally > eternamente
even more > aún más
even more > y lo que es más
even more so > con más motivo
even more so > con mayor motivo
even so > así y todo
even so > aún así
even so > con todo y eso
even so > sin embargo
even though > aun a pesar de
even though > aunque
evenly > por igual
eventually > a la larga
eventually > a la postre
eventually > al fin
everyday > a diario
everything considered > con todo y eso
evidently > a todas luces
evidently > evidentemente
evidently > por lo visto
exactly > en concreto
exactly according to instructions > al pie de la letra
except as otherwise provided > salvo pacto en contrario
expressly > ex profeso
extremely > en grado sumo
extremely > extremadamente
far and away > con mucho
far and away > sin la menor duda
far and away > sin ninguna duda
far from it > ni con mucho
far from it > ni nada que se le parezca
finally > a fin de cuentas
finally > a la postre
finally > al fin
finally > en fin
finally > en última instancia
finally > finalmente
finally > por fin
finally > por remate
finally > por último
firmly (believe) > a pie juntillas
first of all > ante todo
first of all > primero que nada
first of all > antes de nada
following this > tras esto
for > durante
for a change > para variar
for a change > por cambiar
for a change > por innovar
for a change > por variar
for a variety of reasons > por razones diversas
for a variety of reasons > por varias razones
for all appropriate purposes > con fines de lograr
for all I know > por lo que sé
for all I know > por todo lo que sé
for all I know > que yo sepa
for all pertinent purposes > a que haya lugar
for all practical purposes > para todo fin útil
for all purposes > para todo fin
for all that > a pesar de todo
for all that > aún así
for all that > con todo
for all that > por todo lo anterior
for appropriate action > para los efectos consiguientes
for argument's sake > como hipótesis
for argument's sake > supongamos
for brevity's sake > para ser breve
for certain > con toda seguridad
for example > por ejemplo
for form's sake > por el bien parecer
for form's sake > por fórmula
for form's sake > por pura fórmula
for further consideration > para estudio ulterior
for good measure > por añadidura
for good reason > con razón
for instance > para ilustrar
for instance > por ejemplo
for its part > a su vez
for long > por mucho tiempo
for my part > en lo que a mí concierne
for my part > en lo que a mí respecta
for my part > por lo que a mí toca
for my purpose > para lo que yo quiero
for no reason at all > ni por nada
for no reason at all > sin motivo alguno
for nothing > en balde
for one thing > para empezar
for openers > para empezar
for practical purposes > por motivos de orden práctico
for reasons beyond their control > por causas ajenas a su voluntad
for safety's sake > para mejor seguridad
for short > para abreviar
for some time now > de un tiempo a esta parte
for sure > con seguridad
for sure > sin falta
for that matter > a este respecto
for that matter > en cuanto a eso
for that purpose > al efecto
for that purpose > para el caso
for the asking > a pedir de boca
for the asking > sin más que pedirlo
for the moment > por ahora
for the moment > por de pronto
for the moment > por el momento
for the most part > en general
for the most part > por lo general
for the purpose > a tal efecto
for the record > para que conste (en acta)
for the record > para que quede claro
for the same reason > por esa misma razón
for the time being > de momento
for the time being > por ahora
for the time being > por de pronto
for this purpose > con este fin
for this purpose > con este propósito
for this reason > con este motivo
for this reason > por esta razón
for what it is worth > para su gobierno
for what it is worth > para su información
for what it is worth > por si puede servirle
for what it is worth > por si sirve de algo
for what it is worth > por su gobierno
for what it is worth > valga lo que valiere
for your attention > para todo fin útil
for your guidance > para su gobierno
for your guidance > por su gobierno
for your information > para su gobierno
for your information > para su información
for your information > por su gobierno
for your sake > por su bien
forever > para siempre
formerly > antiguamente
forthwith > a corto plazo
forthwith > sin demora
forthwith > sin dilación
free > de balde
from every point of view > bajo todos los conceptos
from every point of view > por todos los conceptos
from July 15 onward > a partir del 15 de julio
from July 15 onwards > a partir del 15 de julio
from now on > de ahora en adelante
from now on > en adelante
from place to place > de trecho en trecho
from the legal standpoint > como cuestión de derecho
from the outset > desde el principio
from the sidelines > desde fuera
from the sidelines > desde la barrera
from this point of view > bajo este aspecto
from this point on > de ahora en adelante
from this point onward > de ahora en adelante
from time to time > de trecho en trecho
from time to time > de vez en cuando
from what I saw > por lo que he visto
further > es más
furthermore > aún más
furthermore > es más
furthermore > más aún
furthermore > por lo demás
furthermore > por otra parte
furthermore > por otro lado
generally > por regla general
generally speaking > en términos generales
gladly > de buena gana
gradually > poco a poco
gratis > gratis
hastily > apresuradamente
hastily > de pronto
having been duly authorized > habiendo sido apropiadamente autorizado
having been duly authorized > por acuerdo superior
hence >>de aquí (deducimos que)
henceforth > en adelante
henceforth > en lo sucesivo
hereafter > en lo sucesivo
hereinafter > en adelante
however > ahora bien
however > con todo
however > en cambio
however > sin embargo
however it be > como quiera que sea
hurriedly > de pronto
identical to > idéntico a
if > si
if any > si lo hay
if any > si los hay
if applicable > en su caso
if appropriate > si procede
if deemed appropriate > si se estima conveniente
if necessary > en caso de necesidad
if necessary > en caso necesario
if necessary > si es preciso
if necessary > si fuera necesario
if necessary > si fuese necesario
if need be > en caso de necesidad
if need be > en caso necesario
if need be > si fuera necesario
if need be > si fuese necesario
if not > de lo contrario
if proper > si fuera procedente
if the need arises > si hiciera falta
if the worst comes to the worst > en el peor de los casos
if the worst comes to the worst > en último término
if this continues > a este tenor
immediately > de buenas a primeras
immediately > en el acto
immediately > inmediatamente
immediately after > inmediatamente después
in a broad sense > en términos generales
in a class by itself > sin igual
in a class by itself > sin par
in a class by itself > sui generis
in a few words > a grandes rasgos
in a general way > a grandes rasgos
in a nutshell > en definitiva
in a nutshell > en resumen
in a nutshell > en síntesis
in a nutshell > en suma
in a nutshell > en sustancia
in a rough and ready way > a ojo de buen cubero
in a rough and ready way > al ojo
in a sense > hasta cierto punto
in a way > en cierta manera
in a way > en cierto modo
in a way > hasta cierto punto
in a word > en definitiva
in a word > en pocas palabras
in a word > en resumen
in a word > en resumidas cuentas
in a word > en sustancia
in accordance with > a tenor de este acuerdo
in actual fact > en realidad
in addition > a mayor abundamiento
in addition > además
in addition > más aún
in addition > por otra parte
in addition > por otro lado
in all likelihood > con toda probabilidad
in all respects > en todos los aspectos
in all seriousness > con toda seriedad
in all seriousness > en serio
in an applicable case > en su caso
in an appropriate case > en su caso
in and of itself > de por sí
in another case > en otro caso
in another sense > en otro sentido
in any case > como quiera que sea
in any case > de cualquier modo
in any case > de todas maneras
in any case > de todos modos
in any case > en todo caso
in any event > pase lo que pase
in block letters > en letra de imprenta
in block letters > en letras de molde
in brief > en fin
in brief > en pocas palabras
in brief > en resumen
in brief > en síntesis
in brief > en sustancia
in broad outline > en líneas generales
in broad terms > en términos generales
in certain respects > desde algunos puntos de vista
in close succession > a cortos intervalos
in closing > por último
in concert > de común acuerdo
in concert > de consuno
in conclusion > al final
in conclusion > en conclusión
in conclusion > en fin
in contrast > contrario a
in detail > por extenso
in doing so > con ello
in doing so > de esta manera
in doing so > para ello
in due course > a su debido tiempo
in due course > a su tiempo
in due course > en su día
in due time > a su debido tiempo
in due time > a su tiempo
in due time > en su debida oportunidad
in due time > en su día
in effect > con efecto
in essence > en esencia
in every respect > bajo todos los conceptos
in every respect > desde todo punto de vista
in every respect > en todos los aspectos
in every respect > por todos los conceptos
in every sense of the word > en toda la extensión de la palabra
in every way > desde todo punto de vista
in every way > en todos los aspectos
in exchange > en cambio
in fact > a decir verdad
in fact > de hecho
in fact > en realidad
in fixed and final form > en definitiva
in full > por extenso
in full swing > en pleno desarrollo
in full swing > en su apogeo
in good and proper form > en buena y debida forma
in his heart of hearts > en su fuero interno
in his own way > a su modo
in its broad sense > en su amplio concepto
in its broadest sense > en su amplio concepto
in its entirety > en su conjunto
in its entirety > en su totalidad
in its proper order > por su orden
in its turn > a su vez
in its turn > por su orden
in like manner > de la misma forma
in like manner > de la misma manera
in like manner > del mismo modo
in like manner > por analogía
in more ways than one > en más de una manera
in my opinion > a mi juicio
in my opinion > a mi parecer
in my opinion > en mi concepto
in my opinion > según mi criterio
in my presence > ante mí
in my view > a mi parecer
in no respect > en ningún aspecto
in no sense > de ninguna forma
in no sense > por ningún concepto
in no way > de ningún modo
in no way > por ningún concepto
in no way whatsoever > de ninguna manera
in one way or another > de un modo u otro
in one's interest > en beneficio propio
in other respects > por lo demás
in other words > en otras palabras
in other words > por mejor decir
in other words > que equivale a decir
in outline > a grandes rasgos
in part > en parte
in passing > de paso
in point of fact > de hecho
in point of fact > en efecto
in point of fact > en realidad
in point of law > como cuestión de derecho
in printed letters > en letra de imprenta
in printed letters > en letras de molde
in prospect > en perspectiva
in return > en cambio
in reverse order > en sentido contrario
in running order > en buen estado
in short > a fin de cuentas
in short > en breves palabras
in short > en definitiva
in short > en fin
in short > en pocas palabras
in short > en resumen
in short > en resumidas cuentas
in short > en síntesis
in short > en suma
in short > en total
in some cases > en parte
in some degree > hasta cierto punto
in some respects > en ciertos aspectos
in spite of > a pesar de
in spite of everything > a pesar de todo
in spite of everything > con todo y eso
in stages > por etapas
in substance > en esencia
in such a case > en tal caso
in such a case > en un caso así
in such an event > en su caso
in suitable cases > cuando proceda
in sum > en suma
in summary > en breves palabras
in summary > en pocas palabras
in summary > en resumen
in that event > en ese caso
in that instance > en ese caso
in the aggregate > en su conjunto
in the beginning > al principio
in the beginning > en el principio
in the best case > en el mejor de los casos
in the best of circumstances > en la mejor de las circunstancias
in the broad sense of the word > en el sentido amplio de la palabra
in the course of time > andando el tiempo
in the course of time > con el tiempo
in the distance > a la distancia
in the end > a la larga
in the end > a la postre
in the end > al fin
in the end > al fin y al cabo
in the end > al final
in the end > en última instancia
in the event > después de todo
in the extreme > en grado sumo
in the final analysis > en última instancia
in the first (second, third) place <> en primer lugar
in the first instance > en primer lugar
in the first instance > en primer término
in the first place > en primer lugar
in the first place > en primer término
in the foreseeable future > en un futuro previsible
in the future > en lo sucesivo
in the immediate future > en un futuro cercano
in the immediate future > en un futuro inmediato
in the immediate future > en un futuro próximo
in the judgement of many > a los ojos de muchos
in the judgement of many > para muchos
in the last resort > en última instancia
in the least > en lo más mínimo
in the light of cold reason > en buena lógica
in the light of the committee's opinion > dada la opinión del comité
in the light of the difficulties > a la vista de las dificultades
in the light of the situation > dentro del marco de la situación
in the literal sense > en sentido propio
in the long run > a la larga
in the long run > a la postre
in the main > en general
in the main > en lo esencial
in the main > en su mayoría
in the main > por lo general
in the meantime > en el interín
in the meantime > mientras tanto
in the months ahead > en los meses venideros
in the near future > en breve
in the near future > en fecha próxima
in the near future > en un futuro cercano
in the near future > en un futuro inmediato
in the near future > en un futuro próximo
in the normal course of events > si todo marcha bien
in the normal course of events > si todo sigue bien
in the offing > en perspectiva
in the open air > a la intemperie
in the open air > al aire libre
in the opposite way > al revés
in the pipeline > en tramitación
in the pipeline > en trámite
in the reverse direction > en la dirección contraria
in the reverse order > al revés
in the same fashion > a tenor
in the same manner (way) > del mismo modo
in the same manner (way) > igualmente
in the short run > a corto plazo
in the short run > en un futuro cercano
in the short run > en un futuro inmediato
in the short run > en un futuro próximo
in the short term > a corto plazo
in these circumstances > en esta situación
in these times > hoy en día
in these times > hoy por hoy
in this case > en esta caso
in this case > en tal caso
in this connection > a este respecto
in this connection > en cuanto a esto
in this connection > en este orden de ideas
in this context > dentro de esta problemática
in this context > dentro de este marco
in this event > en este supuesto
in this instance > en esta instancia
in this instance > hasta este punto
in this regard > a este respecto
in this respect > a este respecto
in this respect > bajo este aspecto
in this situation > en esta coyuntura
in this situation > en esta situación
in this way > de esta manera
in time > andando el tiempo
in time > con el tiempo
in vain > en balde
in view of the difficulties > a la vista de las dificultades
in what follows > en lo que sigue
in whole or in part > en su totalidad o en parte
in word and in deed > de palabra y de obra
in your own interest > por la cuenta que le trae
incidentally > de paso
incidentally > dicho sea de paso
incidentally > entre paréntesis
incidentally > por cierto
including but not necessarily limited to > tales como, entre otros
incredible as it may seem > aunque no lo parezca
indeed > en realidad
indeed > por cierto
indiscriminately > a hecho
initially > al pronto
inside out > al revés
intentionally > a posta
intentionally > a propósito
into the bargain > por añadidura
intrinsically > por naturaleza
it boils down to this > en resumen
it comes down to this > en resumen
it goes without saying > por supuesto
it is readily apparent > a primera vista
it seems evident > por lo visto
judging by appearances > a juzgar por las apariencias
just as > tal como
just in case > a mayor abundamiento
just in case > por si acaso
just in time > a tiempo
just the same > así y todo
know all men by these presents > conste por el presente documento
know all men by these presents > sépase por la presente
knowing full well > con pleno conocimiento de causa
last but not least > y finalmente, pero no por ello menos importante
last of all > por último
lastly > por último
lately > últimamente
later > más tarde
let alone > y mucho menos
like > como
like as not > a lo mejor
like that > por el estilo
likewise > a tenor
likewise > en la misma hipótesis
likewise > igualmente
likewise > por su parte
literally > al pie de la letra
maybe > a lo mejor
meantime > mientras tanto
meanwhile > en el interín
meanwhile > mientras tanto
meanwhile > por de pronto
more often than not > en general
more often than not > muy a menudo
more or less > más o menos
moreover > además
moreover > aún más
moreover > más aún
moreover > por lo demás
moreover > por otra parte
moreover > por otro lado
mostly > en general
mutatis mutandis > por analogía
naturally > por naturaleza
naturally > por supuesto
near > cerca
nearly > cerca
nearly > por poco
needless to say > está de más decir
needless to say > huelga decir
needless to say > ni qué decir tiene
never > nunca
nevertheless > ahora bien
nevertheless > con todo
nevertheless > con todo y eso
nevertheless > no obstante
nevertheless > sin embargo
next > acto continuo
next > enseguida
next to > junto a
no matter what happens > a todo trance
no matter what happens > pase lo que pase
no matter what happens > suceda lo que suceda
nonetheless > con todo y eso
nonstop > sin cesar
nor > ni
normally > en general
normally > por lo general
north (south, east, west) of<>
not anything if the sort > ni nada que se le parezca
not anything like it > ni con mucho
not anything near it > ni con mucho
not at all > bajo ningún concepto
not at all > en absoluto
not by a long shot > ni con mucho
not by any means > ni con mucho
not by any standards > en modo alguno
not by any standards > en ningún concepto
not for anything in the world > ni por nada
not in the least > en absoluto
not on any terms > por ningún concepto
not only... > no solo
not the least bit > en absoluto
not to mention > sin mencionar
notwithstanding > no obstante
notwithstanding > sin embargo
now > ahora
now > ahora bien
nowadays > hoy por hoy
obviously > a todas luces
obviously > obviamente
of course > desde luego
of course > por cierto
of course > por de contado
of course > por supuesto
of course > sin duda
of no use > por gusto
of that sort > por el estilo
of the same type > por el estilo
off the cuff > sin pensarlo
on a commercial basis > con criterio comercial
on a point of clarification > para una aclaración
on a regular basis > con carácter periódico
on an equal footing > en condiciones de igualdad
on an equal footing > en igualdad de cirunstancias
on an equal footing > en pie de igualdad
on and after July 15 > a partir del 15 de julio
on and off > a intervalos
on and off > de vez en cuando
on and off > en forma intermintente
on and on > sin cesar
on balance > en última instancia
on balance > mirándolo bien
on every account > en todos los aspectos
on its own > por sí solo
on its own merits > en su justo valor
on no account > bajo ningún concepto
on no account > bajo ningún motivo
on no account > en ningún concepto
on no account > por ningún concepto
on occasion > de vez en cuando
on one's own initiative > por iniciativa propia
on or before June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
on principle > por principio
on purpose > a posta
on purpose > a propósito
on purpose > ex profeso
on rare occasions > una que otra vez
on reflection > pensándolo bien
on reflection > pensándolo mejor
on second thoughts > pensándolo bien
on second thoughts > pensándolo mejor
on short notice > a corto plazo
on short notice > con poco tiempo de antelación
on short notice > con poco tiempo de aviso
on short notice > sin gran dilación
on that score > por ese lado
on the average > por término medio
on the contrary > al contrario
on the contrary > antes bien
on the contrary > por lo contrario
on the face of it > a juzgar por las apariencias
on the face of it > a primera vista
on the face of it > según las apariencias
on the horns of a dilemma > en la encrucijada
on the horns of a dilemma > entre la espada y la pared
on the instructions of the committee > por encargo del comité
on the occasion of the wedding > con motivo de la boda
on the other side of the coin > en cambio
on the other hand > en cambio
on the other hand > por otra parte
on the other hand > por otro lado
on the same basis > en las mismas condiciones
on the spot > en el acto
on the spur of the moment > de buenas a primeras
on the whole > con todo
on the whole > en conjunto
on the whole > en general
on the whole > por lo general
on this occasion > en esta ocasión
on this showing > mirando así las cosas
on time > a tiempo
on top of all this > por añadidura
once > una vez
once and for all > de una vez
once and for all > de una vez para siempre
once and for all > una sola vez
once in a while > de vez en cuando
once in a while > una que otra vez
one way or another > sea como sea
openly > a la vista de todos
opportunely > a propósito
opportunely > a su tiempo
opposite > contrario a
or > o
or rather > por mejor decir
other things being equal > en igualdad de cirunstancias
otherwise > de lo contrario
otherwise > de no ser así
otherwise > de otro modo
otherwise > en caso contrario
otherwise > por lo demás
out and away > con mucho
out of doors > a la intemperie
outdoors > al aire libre
overall > total
owing to circumstances beyond our control > por razones de fuerza mayor
par excellence > por antonomasia
particularly > particularmente
partly > en parte
perhaps > a lo mejor
permanently > en definitiva
positively > positivamente
previously > antes
previously > previamente
provisionally > en principio
publicly > a la vista de todos
pursuant to this agreement > a tenor de este acuerdo
quite the opposite > todo lo contrario
rather > por mejor decir
readily > de buena gana
really > con efecto
really > de hecho
really > en el fondo
really > en realidad
regardless > sin considerar
regardless > sin importar
right away > de buenas a primeras
right from the start > desde un principio
rightly or wrongly > con razón o sin ella
rightly so > con razón
roughly > en líneas generales
seriously > en serio
shortly > en breve
should the contingency arise > a mayor abundamiento
should the contingency arise > por si acaso
should the need arise > en caso de necesidad
should the need arise > en caso necesario
similarly > similarmente
simultaneously > simultáneamente
since > desde
so > así (que)
so it seems > así parece
so so > más o menos
so then > pues
so to speak > como quien dice
so to speak > como si dijéramos
so to speak > por decirlo así
somehow or other > de un modo u otro
sometimes > a veces
sometimes > de vez en cuando
soon > en breve
soon > pronto
specifically > en concreto
specifically > específicamente
specifically > ex profeso
spontaneously > por sí solo
starting on July 15 > a partir del 15 de julio
still > aún
still > con todo
still > con todo y eso
still > sin embargo
straightway > acto continuo
strictly speaking > en rigor
subsequently > en el futuro
subsequently > subsecuentemente
such as > tal como
suddenly > de buenas a primeras
suddenly > de pronto
suddenly > súbitamente
summing up > en resumidas cuentas
summing up > en síntesis
summing up > resumiendo
surprisingly > sorprendentemente
take the case of > tome el caso de
take the case of > veamos el caso de
taking everything into account > a fin de cuentas
taking everything into consideration > en general
tentatively > en principio
that explains it > con razón
that is > en otras palabras
that is > es decir
that is > esto es
that said > dicho esto
the authorized person > al que corresponde en derecho
the competent authority > al que corresponde en derecho
the fact remains > sea lo que fuere
the fact remains that > a pesar de todo
the way things are at present > según están las cosas
then > a la sazón
then > acto continuo
then > luego
then > por aquel entonces
then > pues
then and there > acto continuo
there > ahí
there and then > en el acto
thereafter > de ahí en adelante
therefore > en definitiva
therefore > en este sentido
therefore > por lo tanto
this shows > esto muestra
this shows that > esto demuestra que
thoroughly > completamente
though > aunque
through > a través
through June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
through the ages > a través de los tiempos
thus > así
thus > de esta manera
thus we see > así vemos
time and again > repetidas veces
to a certain extent > en cierta medida
to a certain extent > hasta cierto punto
to add insult to injury > para colmo de desfachatez
to all appearances > a lo que parece
to all appearances > al parecer
to all appearances > por lo visto
to all appearances > según parece
to all intents and purposes > en realidad
to be on the safe side > para mejor seguridad
to be sure > para estar seguros
to begin with > en primer lugar
to boot > a mayor abundamiento
to boot > por añadidura
to cap it all > como broche de oro
to cap it all > por añadidura
to conclude > para concluir
to continue > para continuar
to crown it all > por añadidura
to cut a long story short > en síntesis
to cut a long story short > en total
to cut a long story short > sin ir más lejos
to demonstrate > para demostrar
to good purpose > con provecho
to illustrate > para ilustrar
to keep up appearances > por el bien parecer
to look on the bright side > por el lado bueno de las cosas
to make matters worse > por añadidura
to make matters worse > y para colmo
to make up for it > en cambio
to my mind > a mi parecer
to my way of thinking > a mi parecer
to no avail > por gusto
to one's hearts content > a pedir de boca
to one's own advantage > en beneficio propio
to put it in other words > para decirlo con otras palabras
to put it mildly > para no decir más
to put it more exactly > por mejor decir
to save appearances > por el bien parecer
to say the least > por si fuera poco
to sum up > en breves palabras
to sum up > en definitiva
to sum up > en resumen
to sum up > en síntesis
to sum up > en suma
to sum up > para resumir
to tell the truth > a decir verdad
to that effect > en el mismo sentido
to that end > a tal efecto
to that end > con esa finalidad
to that end > con ese fin
to the best of my belief > que yo sepa
to the letter > al pie de la letra
to the limit > hasta más no poder
to this end > con este fin
to this end > para este fin
to this end > para esto
to top it all > como remate
to top it all > para colmo
to top it all > para remate
to whom it may concern > a quien compete
to whom it may concern > al que corresponde en derecho
together > a la vez
truly > de hecho
truly > de seguro
truly > en realidad
unceasingly > sin cesar
undeniably > innegablemente
under > a tenor de este acuerdo
under > en virtud de
under no circumstances > bajo ningún motivo
under no circumstances > en ningún concepto
under no circumstances > ni por nada
under no circumstances > por nada del mundo
understandably so > con razón
undoubtedly > de seguro
undoubtedly > sin duda
unequalled > sin igual
unequalled > sin par
unintentionally > sin querer
uninterruptedly > a hecho
unique > sin igual
unless I hear to the contrary > salvo el parecer de usted
unless otherwise agreed > salvo pacto en contrario
unless otherwise noted > salvo indicación en contrario
unless otherwise notified > salvo el parecer de usted
unless otherwise proved > salvo prueba en contrario
unless proved to the contrary > salvo prueba en contrario
unless the contrary be proved > salvo prueba en contrario
unless the council demurs > salvo mejor opinión del consejo
unlike > a diferencia de
unparalleled > sin igual
unparalleled > sin par
unquestionably > indudablemente
until > hasta
until further notice > por de pronto
until further notice > por lo pronto
until now > a este punto
up to and including June 22 > hasta el 22 de junio
upside down > al revés
usually > en general
usually > por lo general
usually > por regla general
utterly > desde todo punto de vista
very late > a deshora
viewed from this angle > bajo este aspecto
well > pues
well > bueno
what's more > lo que es más
whatever happens > de todas maneras
whatever happens > pase lo que pase
whatever happens > sea lo que fuere
when all is said and done > a fin de cuentas
when all is said and done > al fin y al cabo
when all is said and done > después de todo
when all is said and done > en fin de cuentas
when all is said and done > en total
when required > en caso de necesidad
when required > en caso necesario
whenever > cada que
whereas > por cuanto
while > mientras
willingly > de buena gana
willingly or unwillingly > mal que bien
willy nilly > mal que bien
with all due modesty > dicho sea sin alarde
with all the more reason > con mayor razón
with good intentions > con buen fin
with good reason > con razón
with malice aforethought > con premeditación
with no fixed idea > a la ventura
with no fixed plan > a la ventura
with one accord > de consuno
with regard to this matter > a este respecto
with that aim in view > con ese fin
with that end in view > con ese fin
with that in view > con tal propósito
with the naked eye > a ojo descubierto
with the naked eye > a simple vista
with this aim > con este fin
with this aim > para este fin
with this aim in view > con tal propósito
with this objective<> con tal propósito
with time > con el tiempo
within > dentro de
within a short time > a corto plazo
within my province > de mi competencia
within the purview of this section > a los efectos de esta sección
without a doubt > sin duda
without any beating about the bush > sin ambages ni rodeos
without any reason > sin motivo alguno
without delay > sin demora
without delay > sin dilación
without further ado > sin más (ni más)
without interruption > de una vez
without let-up > sin solución de continuidad
without question > sin lugar a dudas
without reservation > sin reserva
without rhyme or reason > sin orden ni concierto
without warning > de buenas a primeras
word for word > al pie de la letra
wrong side out > al revés
yet > pero
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Argumentative Essay
The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you do not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion.
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Constructing Bar Graphs
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Objectives
After completing this unit, if you are given a table of information that is to be displayed as a bar graph, you should be able to:
Identify the bar graph title.
Identify labels for the bar graph axes.
Identify information given by a designated bar.
Determine the scale of a bar graph.
Construct a bar graph.
Constructing Bar Graphs
Bar graphs are used to help visually represent data so that comparisons and trends will be easier to see. In this section you will learn how to construct bar graphs. We will begin with data presented in a table. (NOTE: The procedure for constructing tables was discussed in the Constructing Tables unit.) We will first outline the elements of a bar graph and then the steps in constructing bar graphs.
Steps for Constructing a Bar Graph
Below are the steps to following when constructing a bar graph:
Determine the following elements of the bar graph from the table
Title of the graph.
Label for each axis--Here we must determine which is to be the frequency axis and which is to be the grouped data axis.
Scale for each axis--Determine the numerical scale for the frequency axis, then the group names for grouped data axis.
Draw a set of axes that you will use to construct your graph
Determine which axis will be the frequency axis--Determine whether bars will go horizontally or vertically.
Write in axes labels.
For the frequency axis, determine the scale interval.
Use the data from the table to draw in the bars on the graph.
Now let's go through the process of constructing a bar graph using the table titled Student Housing at Union University.
Student Housing at Union University Type of Housing Number of Students
Residence Halls
3995
Fraternity/Sorority Houses
985
Off Campus Aparments
2347
Off Campus Houses
1093
Determine the following elements of the bar graph
Title of the graph --The title of the bar graph is the same as the title of the table. The title of this graph will be Student Housing at Union College.
Label for each axis--The label for each axis comes from the column/row labels. In this table the data is placed in columns, so we will use the column labels. Once you know the axes labels, you need to determine which is the frequency axis, and which is the grouped data axis.The axes labels will be Type of Housing, and Number of Students.
Grouped Data Axis Label--This is the axis that contains the groups. In this case it's the Type of Housing.
Frequency Axis Label --This is the axis that contains the frequency counts. In this case it's the Number of Students.
Scale of each axis--The scale of each axis is determined by the data for each axis. Let's look at each of these separately.
Grouped Data Axis Label--Type of Housing
This data contains four groups. The data is nominal (not ordered) so the groups could be placed in any order on the axis. The four groups on the scale are: (1) Residence Halls, (2) Fraternity/Sorority Houses, (3) Off Campus Apartments, and (4) Off Campus Houses.
Frequency Axis Label--Number of Students
As mentioned in the section on scale, the scale of the frequency axis is determined by the range of the data. The data here range from 985 to 3995. We can set the scale to run from 0 to 4000.
Draw a set of axes that will you will use to construct your graph
Determine which axis will be the frequency axis--Will the bars be horizontal or vertical?
Determining which direction to construct the bars in is a matter of preference. The information contained in the graph will not be changed, but its visual appearance will be altered. In this example we will place the frequency on the vertical axis.
Write in axes labels--In the first step we determined the axes labels were:
The grouped data axis, which is on the horizontal axis, is Type of Housing.
The frequency axis, which is on the vertical axis, is labeled Number of Students.
For the frequency axis, determine the scale interval:
The interval of scale is the amount from one tick mark to the next along the axis. If the range of the scale is small, a general rule is to take the range of the scale and divide it by 10. Make this your interval. For ranges that are larger, the interval is typically 5, 10, 100, 500, 1000, etc. Use numbers that divide evenly into 100, 1000 (or their multiples)
in order to provide a graph that is easy to analyze.
In this case, if we take 4000 and divide it by 10 we get 400. However, 500 is a number that is more easily analyzed, so we will use 500. This provides a scale that is not too large and easy to use in analyzing the data.
Use the data from the table to draw in the bars on the graph
Once we have the axes constructed, we are ready to draw in the bars. Using the data from the table, draw in the bars to their appropriate height. Keep in mind that this is somewhat of an approximation since the scale does not make drawing exact heights possible.
Student Housing at Union University
While tables are more exact in their presentation of data, they do not allow the quick visual view of the data. Bar graphs provide one way to present data so that we can get an overview at a glance. In the following practice you will construct a bar graph. While you are doing this, think about the advantages and disadvantages of both representations of data. (Comparison of the different types of visual displays will be outlined in the last instructional unit of this book.)
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